Browsing by Author "Arijaje, T. E."

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Construction of an Arduino Based Smart Energy Meter
(ICSSD 2024, 2025) AKINWUMI, Sayo A.; Braide, S. M.; Arijaje, T. E.; Akinwumi, O. A.
The design of a smart energy meter with an arduino that measures the current, voltage, energy and power by an individual or small organization is very important. Electricity is among the basic requirements for the maintenance of life contents. But in our country, we have many localities where they have constant electricity and others with little or no access to electricity. Consumers are dissatisfied with the services been provided by the electricity company, and the absurdity in monthly bills are the most common source of displeasure. The issue of having outrageous bills despite the lack of electricity, the ignorance of how much voltage and current is being used in homes led to this creation of this project. This focuses on the system’s problem which entails workforce, time consumption and manipulations of readings by an official authority while producing the bill to the consumer. This project consists of the following components Energy Meter, Arduino DANO Board, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Module, Capacitor, Mobile Phone, Load, Current sensor acs712, Voltage sensor, Transformer, Vero Board, and liquid crystal display (LCD). The energy meter continually monitors the readings and the Arduino processes this data and the readings are uploaded on the liquid crystal display (LCD) of the device and when the readings are taken the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) module posts the readings to the thingspeak on the mobile phone. The constructed device displayed the energy, power, current and voltage been consumed with varying loads used and the readings were uploaded on the platform used (thingspeak). The results shows that at 153 W it was at its highest point and at 132 W it was at the lowest point when plotted with time. From the results, it shows that the device is working perfectly. There was fluctuation in the power, voltage and currents but constant increase in the energy. Asides from the saving of cost in relation to remote reading of meters, it is hoped that implementation will encourage energy efficiency and raise awareness of energy consumption and demand side participation in the national energy market. This project is recommended for the electricity power company (PHCN) and it is also recommended for individuals that reside in some localities because it would help save cost and it is convenient.
Modelling and Prediction of Satellite Signal Path Loss using the ARIMA models at Ku-band in Lagos State, South Western Nigeria
(ICSSD 2024 (IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science), 2025) Arijaje, T. E.; Omotosho, T. V; Aizebeokhai, A. P.; Akinwumi S. A.; Oyeyemi, K. D.
Satellite signal path loss is the reduction of signal strength between the transmitting satellite and the receiving antennas on the earth surface. It is cause by effects such as reflection, free space loss, diffraction, refraction and absorption. It is also cause as a results of the environment, terrain contours, medium of propagation, height of antennas location and transmitting distance between the transmitter and receiver. Several methods such as the traditional methods and machine learning techniques have been explored. However, statistical method of path loss prediction has been completely utilized. In this work, prediction of path loss using the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) technique was considered. Four different ARIMA models at Ku-band were explored using eight years in Lagos State. The method consists of some steps in the run time analysis: the first stage involved identifying the ARIMA model by creating an Autocorrelation Function (ACF) and Partial Autocorrelation Function (PACF) plots and checking if the data are stationary. The second stage involved estimating the ARIMA model, which consists in testing the parameters' significance after obtaining the model's parameters. The ARIMA model is adopted if the parameters are significant. The third stage involved diagnostic checking, in which a test was carried out to see if the adopted model was statistically significant. The fourth stage involves predicting the path loss after the diagnostic process using the adopted or selected ARIMA model. From the analysis, it can be concluded that the best ARIMA model for path loss prediction in Lagos at Ku-band is ARIMA (1,0,0). The ARIMA (1,0,0) model is a better path loss prediction model than the other ARIMA models, indicating that the model parameters are significant at 0.05 with the slightest MSE error, thereby meeting the test of independence. Therefore, for sitting and planning of radio signal propagation technologies in the study location, policy-makers and engineers in telecommunication industry in Nigeria can take advantage of the results within the area of study towards sustainable tele-communication and infrastructure (SDG goal 9).
Path Loss Prediction on Earth-Space Link Using Statistical and Time Series Approach at Ka-Band in Abuja, North Central Nigeria
(ICSAEES-2024, Lagos, Nigeria, 2024) Arijaje, T. E.; Omotosho, T. V.; Aizebeokhai, A. P.
Predictive path loss modelling is essential in designing wireless communication systems. However, the empirical methods of path loss prediction are inaccurate as the empirical models cannot be implemented outside the area or region where they are developed. This study focuses on improving the prediction of path loss using statistical approaches such as multiple linear regression (MLR) and time series models using eight (2014 – 2021) data retrieved from the global precipitation measuring mission (GPM) at Ka-band. The step-wise selected method was adopted for the multiple linear regression (MLR). In the exponential smoothing method, weighting is carried out exponentially, decreasing in the direction of the older values. The MLR analysis revealed that the MLR model performs well, with an accuracy of 99.52%. The R2 value of 99.52% indicated a strong correlation between the estimated and predicted path loss in the model. PL = 18.706 0.98459 − Pr +1.60027Pt + 0.99808Gr The P-value of the regression model is 0.000, indicating that the model estimated by the MLR procedure is statistically significant at a level of 0.05. Also, the results showed that the transmitted antenna gain is the most contributed predictor in the path loss with a value of 1.60027 dB. Likewise, the results from the exponential smoothing models revealed that the single exponential smoothing (SES) model performs better than the double exponential smoothing model with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 14.47%, indicating that the model's performance is good because the MAPE value falls within 10 – 20%. The mean absolute deviation (MAD), mean square deviation (MSD), and smoothing constant are 0.3215, 0.2313, and 0.9685, respectively. Striking a balance, the application of MLR and the SES models will improve wireless communication systems in Abuja, the North Central region of Nigeria, at Ka-band. Therefore, engineers and policymakers in the Nigerian telecommunication industry should assess the impacts of path loss within the study locations towards sustainable telecommunications and infrastructure (SDG goal 9) for planning and setting radiowave propagation technologies in the study locations and Nigeria at large.
Seasonal Variation of Total Attenuation between Airborne Platform and Earth Station in South-West Region, Nigeria
(7th International Conference on Science and Sustainable Development and Workshop, 2024) Arijaje, T. E.; Omotosho, T. V.; Aizebeokhai, A. P.; Akinwumi S. A.
The seasonal variation of total attenuation in the southwest region of Nigeria has been computed using eight (8) years dataset at Ku- and Ka-band of the transmitted power of the radar, transmitted antenna gain and the received antenna gain of the satellite retrieved from the archived of the GPM. The results obtained fluctuates between the seasons at Ku- and Ka-band. From the results obtained at Ku-and Ka-band, the results from analysis showed that the peak total attenuation was recorded between the early (MAM) and late wet (JJA) season when the intensity of rainfall is maximum in the South-West region. As a result, the effect on the airborne-earth station link will be severe which may further lead to signal outage. However, the state where the highest total attenuation was consistent is Lagos state. These seasons and Lagos state must be taking into consideration by engineers and radiowave propagation group when planning and sitting radiowave propagation in the study area.