Programme: Business Administration

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Assessing the Challenges of Medical Practitioners’ Retention and Its Implications in a Developing Economy
(The Changing Landscape of Workplace and Workforce, 2024-06) Falola, Hezekiah O.; Ojebola, Oluwatunmise O.
The high turnover rate of medical personnel in Nigeria is becoming alarming as many of them are leaving the country for developed nations for better job opportunities. This has contributed to the shortage of doctors and nurses in the Nigeria health sector. The study’s objective is to crystallise the challenges of health worker retention in Nigeria through a critical literature review. The study used data from previously published peer-reviewed articles published in recognised and credible scientific journals. Relevant information was obtained from these sources, conceptualised, and discussed alongside existing literature. Key findings from the research are attributed to a lack of competitive pay, state-of-the-heart medical equipment deficiency, security, and lack of political will by the government. To this end, there is a need for restructuring of the health sector in Nigeria to address issues relating to poor remuneration, infrastructure, training opportunities, and the well-being of the health workers.
BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABILITY OF OUTSOURCING ORGANISATION IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA. A STUDY OF HUGO INC
(Covenant University Ota, 2025-03) OKWARAOGOMA REGAN OGADINMA; Covenant University Dissertation
This research focused on the influence of business process reengineering on outsourcing organization: A study of Hugo Inc. Companies need to survive the test of time in business practices and having operational efficiency, so process reengineering can help them in achieving this. Business process reengineering is typically used to boost business agility, responsiveness, and customer satisfaction with improved goods and services. Sustainability is connected to the ability to run a production process over a period of time. Some of the problems BPR is trying to address are client satisfaction, process implementation, operational and resource management. The purpose of this study is to know how process reengineering can lead to sustainability for outsourcing organization. Organization understands the importance of profit and having customer base, and must understand that it is important to design operation to ensure both factors are not affected. The key variables in the study are value creation, process ownership and customer focus connected to business process reengineering, while economic, environmental and social variables are connected to sustainability, these are explored in relation to each other and their connection to the problem. The theory utilized in the study are the triple bottom line and stakeholders’ theory was used in this study to provide the theoretical foundation to this study. A quantitative survey method was adopted for this study. The population of the study comprised of 850 employees and questionnaires was administered to a sample size of 272 employees using purposive and simple random sampling technique. Results showed there is a positive relationship between process reengineering and sustainability. The study is to push outsourcing organizations to review their system of operation to constantly overcome challenges and be productive in their operation. Therefore, there is need to constantly review, update, recommend and adjust the process of operation.
Change Management and Corporate Social Performance: A nexus for Organizational Development
(Scientific Culture, 2026) Adebayo, Olufunke P. Kehinde, Joseph O. Ogbari, Mercy E. Ufua, Daniel E. kehinde, Segun I.
CIRCULAR ECONOMY STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A STUDY OF SELECTED SYNTHETIC HAIR PRODUCTION COMPANIES IN LAGOS, NIGERIA
(Covenant University Ota, 2025-04) LAWAL ODUNAYO RUTH; Covenant University Dissertation
The synthetic hair production industry in Lagos, Nigeria, faces significant challenges in sustainable resource management due to its reliance on fossil-based polymers, leading to inefficiencies in operational processes, resource utilization, and waste management. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. Surveys were conducted among employees, managers, and consumers of synthetic hair products, complemented by semi-structured interviews to gain deeper insights into their practices and perceptions. The research findings reveal that implementing Circular Economy (CE) strategies can significantly enhance operational efficiency, resource utilization, and waste reduction while promoting responsible consumption behaviors. Specifically, product circularity improves operational processes by reducing the need for new raw materials and minimizing waste. Process circularity optimizes resource use through the incorporation of recycled materials and adoption of eco-friendly manufacturing techniques, while supply chain circularity effectively reduces waste by implementing closed-loop systems and enhancing material recovery. These findings imply that adopting CE practices can lead to substantial improvements in sustainability and efficiency within the synthetic hair sector, contributing to environmental conservation and economic benefits. Therefore, the study recommends that synthetic hair production companies invest in advanced recycling infrastructure, prioritize designing products with durability and recyclability, engage consumers through education on sustainable practices, and foster stronger collaborations with suppliers to create sustainable supply chains. These steps will help achieve long-term sustainability goals and set a precedent for other industries to follow.
CIRCULAR ECONOMY STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A STUDY OF SELECTED SYNTHETIC HAIR PRODUCTION COMPANIES IN LAGOS, NIGERIA
(Covenant University Ota, 2025-04) LAWAL ODUNAYO RUTH; Covenant University Dissertation
The synthetic hair production industry in Lagos, Nigeria, faces significant challenges in sustainable resource management due to its reliance on fossil-based polymers, leading to inefficiencies in operational processes, resource utilization, and waste management. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. Surveys were conducted among employees, managers, and consumers of synthetic hair products, complemented by semi-structured interviews to gain deeper insights into their practices and perceptions. The research findings reveal that implementing Circular Economy (CE) strategies can significantly enhance operational efficiency, resource utilization, and waste reduction while promoting responsible consumption behaviors. Specifically, product circularity improves operational processes by reducing the need for new raw materials and minimizing waste. Process circularity optimizes resource use through the incorporation of recycled materials and adoption of eco-friendly manufacturing techniques, while supply chain circularity effectively reduces waste by implementing closed-loop systems and enhancing material recovery. These findings imply that adopting CE practices can lead to substantial improvements in sustainability and efficiency within the synthetic hair sector, contributing to environmental conservation and economic benefits. Therefore, the study recommends that synthetic hair production companies invest in advanced recycling infrastructure, prioritize designing products with durability and recyclability, engage consumers through education on sustainable practices, and foster stronger collaborations with suppliers to create sustainable supply chains. These steps will help achieve long-term sustainability goals and set a precedent for other industries to follow.
Demystifying Effect of Social Innovation in Flood Remote Sensing: A Schematic Review
(Journal of Sustainability Research, 2025) Ogbari, Mercy Ejovwokeoghene; Ingomowei, Preye Samson; Ogunnaike, Olaleke Oluseye
Remote sensing technologies offer valuable tools for flood mitigation strategy and flood monitoring, but their effectiveness is limited by factors such as inadequate infrastructure, limited technical expertise, and the disconnect between technological solutions and local needs. Therefore, this study examines the integration of social innovation with flood remote sensing technologies in developing countries through a systematic literature review spanning 2013–2024. The study explores the systematic literature review on social innovation in reducing the effects of floods, filling the existing gaps, and evaluating the areas of interest when integrating social innovation with flood remote sensing. The study revealed that community based and participatory approaches for engagement in social innovation potentially provide a viable way to enhance flood management. The study will contributes to existing body of knowledge as well as policy makers in flood prone areas. However, further studies could conduct an empirical study to have concrete data and information on how social innovation can be used in flood remote sensing
Demystifying Effect of Social Innovation in Flood Remote Sensing: A Schematic Review
(Licensee Hapres, 2025) Ogbari, Mercy Ejovwokeoghene; Ingomowei, Preye Samson; Ogunnaike, Olaleke Oluseye
Remote sensing technologies offer valuable tools for flood mitigation strategy and flood monitoring, but their effectiveness is limited by factors such as inadequate infrastructure, limited technical expertise, and the disconnect between technological solutions and local needs. Therefore, this study examines the integration of social innovation with flood remote sensing technologies in developing countries through a systematic literature review spanning 2013–2024. The study explores the systematic literature review on social innovation in reducing the effects of floods, filling the existing gaps, and evaluating the areas of interest when integrating social innovation with flood remote sensing. The study revealed that community based and participatory approaches for engagement in social innovation potentially provide a viable way to enhance flood management. The study will contributes to existing body of knowledge as well as policy makers in flood prone areas. However, further studies could conduct an empirical study to have concrete data and information on how social innovation can be used in flood remote sensing
DIGITAL ASSISTANTS AND CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE: A STUDY OF ACE MEDICARE CLINIC, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(Covenant University Ota, 2025-07) MELFORD, Ruth Nimi; Covenant University Dissertation
Amidst rising demand for more efficient and responsive healthcare, this study investigates the impact of digital assistants on customer experience in Nigeria's healthcare sector. The study looks at how voice recognition technologies, chatbots, digital avatars, and predictive analytics affect the cognitive, relational, sensorial, and affective elements of the patient experience. The study used a descriptive survey design guided by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the HealthQual model, with a positivist ideology at its core. Primary data were acquired from 195 patients at Ace Medicare Clinic in Ogun State using structured questionnaires. The data was analysed using SPSS version 25, which included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that voice recognition technologies greatly improved cognitive experience, whereas predictive analytics improved emotive experience. However, chatbots and digital avatars had little or no impact on relational and sensory experiences, respectively. The study also discovered that criteria like usability, digital literacy, and trust influenced patient opinions. It concludes that, while digital assistants show potential, their usefulness is context dependent. The report advocates user centred design, digital literacy training, and tighter privacy safeguards to improve the incorporation of AI capabilities in Nigerian healthcare delivery.
EFFECT OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION. A STUDY OF COCA-COLA PLC, LAGOS STATE
(Covenant University Ota, 2025-03) BABALOLA OMONIYI SAMUEL; Covenant University Thesis
This study investigates the impact of Total Quality Management (TQM) on customer satisfaction within the Nigerian soft drink production sector, focusing on Coca-Cola Plc in Lagos State. The research assesses how TQM practices influence product quality consistency, customer perceptions of value for money, employee performance, and overall organizational success. Using a descriptive research design, quantitative data were collected through surveys from employees, consumers, suppliers, and distributors. Findings reveal that continuous improvement initiatives significantly enhance product quality and consistency, leading to higher customer satisfaction. TQM practices positively influence pricing strategies and production efficiency, improving customer perceptions of value for money. The study also highlights the critical role of employee training and development in enhancing customer service interactions, correlating with increased satisfaction levels. Additionally, the research underscores the importance of a customer-centric culture and the strategic use of technology and innovation in fostering long-term customer loyalty and organizational success. Despite limitations such as the geographical focus on Lagos State alone and reliance on self-reported data, the study provides robust evidence supporting the effectiveness of TQM in the Nigerian soft drink industry. The research offers actionable recommendations for industry practitioners, including strengthening continuous improvement processes, enhancing employee training, improving customer feedback mechanisms, fostering supplier and distributor collaboration, leveraging technology, and promoting a customer-centric culture. The study concludes that adopting and continuously refining TQM practices can significantly enhance customer satisfaction and provide a competitive advantage in the Nigerian soft drink production sector.
EFFECT OF WORKFORCE AUTOMATION ON EMPLOYEES’ ENGAGEMENT IN DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN LAGOS
(Covenant University Ota, 2025-07) NNODUM, Jessica Chinwendu; Covenant University Dissertation
The rapid integration of workforce automation in the banking sector has raised critical concerns about its impact on employee engagement. While automation offers significant benefits such as operational efficiency and cost reduction, its emotional and psychological implications for employees remain insufficiently examined, particularly within Nigeria’s Tier-1 deposit money banks. This study investigates how workforce automation, specifically technological infrastructure, process automation, process efficiency, and task completion rate affect the affective, behavioural, and cognitive engagement of employees in selected commercial banks in Lagos. Using a quantitative research approach, structured questionnaires were administered across five major banks: First Bank, UBA, Access Bank, GTBank, and Zenith Bank. From the 144 distributed questionnaires, 119 valid responses were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to evaluate the strength of relationships between the variables. The findings indicate that all four components of workforce automation significantly enhance employee engagement, with technological infrastructure and task completion rate showing the most substantial positive effects across all dimensions. These insights emphasize the need for bank management and policymakers to approach automation not merely as a tool for efficiency but as a strategic asset for sustaining human engagement. By investing in inclusive technological systems, offering continuous digital training, and involving employees in automation-related decisions, organizations can build a resilient and emotionally invested workforce capable of thriving in an increasingly automated environment.
EFFECTS OF DIGITAL MEDIA ON CORPORATE REPUTATION: A STUDY OF PIGGYVEST NIGERIA
(Covenant University Ota, 2025-07) LEWIS, Anita Ilaide; Covenant University Dissertation
This research focused on the effects of digital media on corporate reputation: A study of PiggyVest Nigeria. In the digital age, organizations must manage how they are perceived by the public to remain competitive, trustworthy, and sustainable. Digital media tools such as social media, email marketing, blog content, and cybersecurity have become essential in shaping how customers view brands. Corporate reputation is influenced by how these tools are used to engage customers, promote transparency, and build trust. Some of the key concerns digital media addresses include customer loyalty, brand image, product quality perception, and data security. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of digital media in enhancing corporate reputation in the fintech sector, using PiggyVest Nigeria as a case study. The independent variable in this study is digital media, which includes social media, email marketing, blog content, and cybersecurity, while the dependent variable is corporate reputation, measured through brand image, customer loyalty, product quality, and customer trust. Stakeholder theory and the Technology Acceptance Model were adopted to provide the theoretical foundation for this study. A quantitative survey method was employed. The population consisted of PiggyVest customers, and data was collected using structured questionnaires. A total of 384 questionnaires were distributed, and 378 valid responses were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results showed a positive and significant relationship between digital media and corporate reputation. This study encourages fintech organizations to strategically adopt and optimize digital media tools as part of their corporate communication and customer engagement strategies. It is also recommended that these organizations regularly evaluate their digital practices to stay relevant, build trust, and maintain a strong reputation in a highly digital and competitive market.
Emotional intelligence and academic engagement of graduate students: the moderating role of digital learning support
(African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 17 (3):, 2025-01) Falola, Hezekiah O.; Joel, Opeyemi Olunike; Akinbode, James; Ojebola, Oluwatunmise
Environmental Responsibility, Network Ties, and Business Model Innovation: Contextualization in Developing Economy SMEs
(Business Strategy and the Environment Early View, 2026-07-07) Ibidunni, Ayodotun Stephen; Adegbite, Emmanuel; Nwazota, Triumph; Edewor, Ogheneofejiro; Adu, Douglas A.
Although the environmental responsibility literature remains an emerging field, there have been limited explanations of its connection to market-level constructs in developing economies, such as business model innovation and intra- and extra-cluster network ties. Thus, this research adopted the social network theory to investigate the direct and indirect effects of network ties on the relationship between environmental responsibility and business model innovation. Our study relied on questionnaire data gathered from 204 SMEs operating in the informal market of a developing economy—Nigeria. The study adopted the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLSSEM) to capture the direct and indirect relationships between environmental responsibility and business model innovation. We found that while eco-design and waste disposal and management do not have a direct effect on business model innovation, resource management does. Also, while ecodesign and waste disposal and management are directly related to intra-cluster network ties, resource management is not. Our analysis showed a direct relationship between all three environmental responsibility dimensions and extra-cluster network ties. Both intra-cluster network ties and extra-cluster network ties are directly related to business model innovation. The mediating role of extra-cluster network ties on environmental responsibility dimensions and business model innovation was confirmed. However, we did not find a mediating role for intra-cluster network ties in this relationship. By demonstrating the impact of environmental responsibility on business model innovation, we provide a deeper understanding of the need for firms to enhance their business orientation in a broader perspective that connects firm-level sustainability orientation with marketlevel sustainable initiatives.
ETHICAL LEADERSHIP AND EMPLOYEES’ ENGAGEMENT IN ADO/ODO OTA LOCAL GOVERNMENT COUNCIL, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
(Covenant University Ota, 2025-03) DAVID OLUWABIMPE OMOLAYO; Covenant University Dissertation
Ethical leadership is considered one of the critical determinants of Employees’ engagement, especially within the public sector, where the manifestation of unethical practices erodes trust, reduces motivation, and, in essence, undermines the performance of such organisations. This study explored ethical leadership and Employees’ engagement within Ado/Odo Ota Local Government Council, Ogun State, Nigeria, as it relates to impediments to ethical leadership, strategies for strengthening Employees’ engagement, and environmental drivers that influence ethical leadership adoption. Quantitative data from 189 employees were collected through structured questionnaire, while qualitative insights were gathered from seven key informants who were department heads and senior administrators. Quantitative data analysis was done using SPSS 27, and thematic analysis of qualitative data was performed using ATLAS.ti 25. The results indicate that ethical leadership is significantly and positively related to Employees’ engagement, as evidenced by a correlation coefficient of 0.245, p = 0.001. The study considered political interference, resource constraints, and socio-cultural norms as critical impediments to ethical leadership in Nigerian local governance. In addition, this study identified the need for clearly defined ethics policies, ongoing leadership training, incentive structures, and enhanced transparency mechanisms necessary to establish an ethical organisational culture. This study adds much value to the theory by pushing forward the discussion of ethical leadership in public administration and governance. It thus gave empirical evidence that ethical leadership enhances Employees’ engagement by instilling employee trust, accountability, and professionalism. The findings have implications for policymakers and human resource managers in formulating targeted interventions to mitigate leadership challenges and promote a more engaged workforce in local government settings. This study has established ethical leadership as influencing Employees’ engagement in Ado/Odo Ota LGC. However, considering the geographical focus, the study concludes that future research should be expanded to broader contexts to enhance the generalisability of findings and further explore the nuanced relationship between ethical leadership and Employees’ engagement across diverse institutional settings.
Exploring Technology Innovations for Improved Line Managers' Job Engagement in a New World of Work: Empirical Evidence from Government Parastatals in Nigeria
(Covenant Journal of Business & Social Sciences (CJBSS), VoL 14, No.2,, 2023) Falola, Hezekiah O.
This study examines the influence of technology innovations on line managers' engagement in the world of work. Two hundred and thirty-four (234) line managers were surveyed, out of which two hundred and seventeen (217) copies of the questionnaire were returned and used for the analysis. Smart PLS (3.0) was used for the analysis. Findings show that telecommuting, work process automation, mobile collaboration, and gamification significantly influence line managers' job engagement. The study recommended that public parastatals should leverage technological innovations to improve line managers' job engagement. However, line managers must also understand their critical roles as professionals to take advantage of technological innovations for improved job engagement.
Exploring Technology Innovations for Improved Line Managers' Job Engagement in a New World of Work: Empirical Evidence from Government Parastatals in Nigeria
(Covenant Journal of Business & Social Sciences (CJBSS), VoL 14, No.2,, 2023) Falola, Hezekiah O.
This study examines the influence of technology innovations on line managers' engagement in the world of work. Two hundred and thirty-four (234) line managers were surveyed, out of which two hundred and seventeen (217) copies of the questionnaire were returned and used for the analysis. Smart PLS (3.0) was used for the analysis. Findings show that telecommuting, work process automation, mobile collaboration, and gamification significantly influence line managers' job engagement. The study recommended that public parastatals should leverage technological innovations to improve line managers' job engagement. However, line managers must also understand their critical roles as professionals to take advantage of technological innovations for improved job engagement.
GREEN FINANCE STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABLE FASHION MANUFACTURING AMIDST SECOND-HAND CLOTHING IMPORTS IN NIGERIA
(Covenant University Ota, 2025-08) EFFIONG, Esther Uduak; Covenant University Dissertation
Nigeria's fashion industry confronts significant environmental and social challenges due to overwhelming second-hand clothing imports, undermining local manufacturing and increasing textile waste, exacerbated by a nascent green finance sector. This dissertation investigated green finance's role as a catalyst for sustainable fashion manufacturing and its influence on second-hand clothing imports in Nigeria, examining its effect on green and sustained fashion manufacturing and sustainable fashion manufacturing's mediating role. A quantitative survey gathered primary data from 105 staff across Nigerian fashion manufacturing organizations. Analysis employed descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression models, including a three-condition mediation framework. Findings reveal green finance positively affects green fashion manufacturing (boosting it by 96.3%) and sustained fashion manufacturing (boosting it by 102.6%). Crucially, sustainable fashion manufacturing fully mediates this relationship, demonstrating green finance reduces second-hand clothing imports primarily through fostering local sustainable production. The study recommends enhancing access to green finance, implementing robust incentives for green practices, and leveraging sustainable local production growth to reduce second-hand clothing import dependence.
GREEN FINANCE STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABLE FASHION MANUFACTURING AMIDST SECOND-HAND CLOTHING IMPORTS IN NIGERIA
(Covenant University Ota, 2025-08) EFFIONG, Esther Uduak; Covenant University Dissertation
Nigeria's fashion industry confronts significant environmental and social challenges due to overwhelming second-hand clothing imports, undermining local manufacturing and increasing textile waste, exacerbated by a nascent green finance sector. This dissertation investigated green finance's role as a catalyst for sustainable fashion manufacturing and its influence on second-hand clothing imports in Nigeria, examining its effect on green and sustained fashion manufacturing and sustainable fashion manufacturing's mediating role. A quantitative survey gathered primary data from 105 staff across Nigerian fashion manufacturing organizations. Analysis employed descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression models, including a three-condition mediation framework. Findings reveal green finance positively affects green fashion manufacturing (boosting it by 96.3%) and sustained fashion manufacturing (boosting it by 102.6%). Crucially, sustainable fashion manufacturing fully mediates this relationship, demonstrating green finance reduces second-hand clothing imports primarily through fostering local sustainable production. The study recommends enhancing access to green finance, implementing robust incentives for green practices, and leveraging sustainable local production growth to reduce second-hand clothing import dependence.
Informal Markets Responsiveness to Sub-Saharan Africa’s Production Economy: Complementarity of the Institutional Theory and a Self-Reliance View
(Economic Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa, Volume II, 2026-05-01) Ibidunni, Ayodotun Stephen; Falana, Ranti; Oyewo, Obaloluwa Obed; Edewor, Ogheneofejiro
The informal market in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) varies in size across SSA countries ranging from 20% to 65% across countries. Yet, these countries commonly agree to the huge impact of the informal market on their respective national economies. Despite the massive contribution of the sector to employment and economic development of the region, especially in terms of GDP contribution and business opportunities for the bottom line, there is an undisputable institutional void of SSA’s informal market. Our study focused on discussing institutional theorization and the self-reliance view as complementary perspectives to explain the responsiveness of informal markets to the production economy in SSA. Drawing from a systematic review of 42 studies sourced from the Scopus database, our study highlights critical channels in which the informal economy is advancing a production economy in SSA. We reported that the informal markets are noted to facilitate the SSA economy through the internationalization of business operations and collaborations, creating decent work (SDG 8) through the platform economy, supporting the living conditions of women and youths whose contribution to family livelihood is increasing across the region (SDG 10), strengthening cultural ties, and projecting the advancement of ICT adoption across the region’s economy, especially for enhancing the regional innovation and industrialization (SDG 9). We establish that the informal economy should be sustained for the period where SSA governments have not fully identified sustainable measures for absorbing almost 70% of the SSA population that earn their livelihood from the informal economy. Our study establishes critical theoretical, practical, and policy implications.
LEAN AGILE PRACTICES AND SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF OFFSITE CONSTRUCTION FIRM IN LAGOS
(Covenant University Ota, 2025-07) AJAYI, Kanyinsola Ifeoluwa; Covenant University Dissertation
Off-site construction (OSC) is gaining prominence as a strategy to improve efficiency in Nigeria’s building sector; however, the social sustainability of OSC firms, particularly workforce retention and safety, remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining how Lean-Agile Practices influence social sustainability outcomes in Lagos-based OSC firms. Anchored on Stakeholder Theory and the Socio-technical System theory (STS), the research focuses on the effects of Value Stream Mapping (VSM) and Just-In-Time (JIT) practices on employee retention and safety. Data were randomly collected from 180 industry professionals and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that both VSM and JIT significantly improve employee retention and safety, with VSM making the highest contribution to employee retention. These results affirm that Lean-Agile tools can serve as strategic resources for advancing social sustainability, beyond their conventional role in operational efficiency. The study contributes to Lean-Agile and sustainability literature by providing empirical evidence from the OSC context in a developing economy. Practical recommendations are provided for OSC firms to integrate Lean-Agile methodologies with social performance objectives to foster safer and more inclusive work environments.