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Item The impact of Bisphenol-A on human reproductive health(Elsevier Inc., 2024) Rotimi, Oluwakemi Anuoluwapo; Salami, Esther A.Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a recognized endocrine-disrupting chemical used to produce several consumer goods and products. There has been widespread exposure to BPA because of increased industrial production and use of BPA containing products. As a result of these exposures, BPA is found in several human body fluids and can cause endocrine disruption by interfering with hormone signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications. Therefore, human reproductive health and development have been adversely affected by BPA. This review aimed to consolidate existing knowledge on the impact of BPA on human reproductive health, examining its effects on both males and females. To achieve this, we systematically searched four databases for studies that associated BPA with reproductive health (male and female), after which we retrieved the important information from the selected articles. There was an association of reproductive health diseases with high BPA exposure. In males, BPA was associated with increased sperm alterations, altered reproductive hormone levels, and testicular atrophy. In females, there was an association of BPA exposure with hormonal imbalances, reduced ovarian reserve, and increased likelihood of conditions such as fibroids, polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis and infertility. BPA’s pervasive presence and its harmful effects on reproductive health underscore the need for global regulation and public awareness. Although substantial evidence from animal and in vitro studies supports the detrimental effects of BPA, there is a need for more human-focused research, particularly in developing coun tries, to confirm these findings. This review advocates for increased regulatory measures to limit BPA exposure.Item Disparities in Allostatic Load Among Different Races: A Comprehensive Scoping Review(Springer, 2025) Rotimi, Oluwakemi Anuoluwapo; Olowokere, Olanike Gloria; Olasehinde, Olutola Esther; Bisi‑Adeniyi, Titilayo Ifeoluwa; Onyia, Abimbola Fatima; De Campos, Opeyemi Christiana; Rotimi, Solomon OladapoBackground Allostatic load measures the cumulative stress, and it varies across populations. Its accurate measurement among racial groups is essential for understanding the effects of chronic stress on health. This review is aimed at investigat ing disparities in allostatic load between races and exploring the underlying mechanisms driving these disparities. Methods A systematic search of literature was conducted, resulting in the inclusion of 296 relevant studies. These studies investigated a wide range of allostatic load biomarkers from the cardiovascular, metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune systems. They involved diverse racial and ethnic populations with variations in age, gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and stress exposure. Results The review revealed disparities in allostatic load biomarkers across different population groups. The extensive examination of a wide range of biomarkers in the selected studies showed systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate/pulse rate, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index, total cholesterol (TC), C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 (IL-6)/IL-6 receptor as the most frequently used biomarkers across populations. Socioeconomic status, age, racial discrimination, stressful life events, and adverse health outcomes were associated with allostatic load across different racial groups. Conclusion Disparities exist in previous studies on allostatic load due to differences in biomarker inclusion, calculation methods, study types, and populations studied. In addition, the roles of factors like social determinants of health, discrimi nation, and constitutive factors like genetics and age were discussed.Item Geoelectrical Variations in Residential Area of Ojongbodu, Oyo, Southwestern Nigeria(Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 2020) Adagunodo, T. A.; Oladejo, O.P.This study is aimed at mapping the geoelectrical variations in the residential area of Ojongbodu, Oyo, Nigeria. Thirty vertical electrical sounding stations were occupying across the study area using PZ-02 Earth resistivity meter. Four subsurface layers involving topsoil, two weathered layers and bedrock were mapped, with clay being the most dominating soil type in the third layer, which is about 3.9 m below the first two layers. The thickness of the third layer itself is about 10.4 m. About 70% of the bedrock is fractured. The thickness of clay in the third layer cum fractured bedrock could aid development of differential settlements in buildings or total collapse of structures within the study area.Item Application of frequency selection and geoelectrical sounding methods for mapping of leachate’s pathways in an active dumpsite(Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023) Adagunodo, Theophilus Aanuoluwa; Ojoawo, Ayobami Ismaila; Anie, Nicholas Oliseloke; Edukugho, Praise OforitsenereContamination of surrounding environments is one of the threats to the proper maintenance of municipal waste sites in developing nations. This study integrates natural electromagnetic (EM) field and geoelectrical sounding methods to assess the leachate’s pathways in the near-surface layers and groundwater system in and around an active dumpsite. Five natural EM traverses were obtained in varying orientations using PQWT-TC 150 model. Fifteen vertical electrical sounding (VES) data points were randomly occupied using SAS 4000 ABEM resistivity meter. The two techniques revealed some intercalations of conductive and resistive media in the study area. The conductive media are composed of mixtures of leachates into clay and groundwater units, thereby creating zones of very low electrical potential differences from the surface to a depth beyond 30 m. A zone of leachate-aquifer’s interphase exists between the third layer and the fourth layer. The directions of the fluid flow are in the S–N and SE–NW trends, which could be linked to the fault towards the northwestern part of the study area. The fluid dynamics, however, justified the reason for the thick conductive materials being mapped at the northwestern and northern parts of the study area.Item Delineation of structural lineaments of Shaki West Southwestern Nigeria using high resolution aeromagnetic data(Nigerian Society of Physics Science, 2025) Adedokun, O. M.; Oladejo, O. P.; Alao, K. N.; Otobrisec, H.; Suleman, K. O.; Adedokun, O.; Sunmonu, L. A.A minor earthquake, known as earth tremor, often occurs in areas prone to seismic activity. However, there is a notable gap in knowledge about earth tremors, with little documentation conducted before 1987, but a series of notable events between 1990 and 2000 prompted researchers to delve deeper into the study of earth tremors in Nigeria. Therefore, this study is aimed at delineating the structural lineaments of Shaki West Southwestern Nigeria using High Resolution Aeromagnetic Data (HRAD) to identify the underlying basement geology and define the structural framework of the study area. The study area’s aeromagnetic data of Shaki (Sheet 199) underwent processing and interpretation using Oasis Montaj software to assess basement configuration and structural integrity. The data were further enhanced using the Total Horizontal Derivative (THDR) in order to determine the orientations of the lineaments in the study area. The orientations of the lineaments obtained from THDR map revealed that the Pan African orogeny constitutes 52%; Kibaran orogeny constitutes 31%, while Liberian orogeny constitutes 17% lineaments in the study area. The upward continuation maps suggest the presence of faults at the depth range of 2.0-2.25 km. The overall depth to magnetic sources of the area is relatively shallow compared to sedimentary basement area. Based on orientation of faults on magnetic fault map obtained from the superposition of the lineaments extracted from THDR map on the geological map of the study area, three distinct set of sinistral /dextral faults were recognized in Shaki west local government area which includes: E-W, NE-SW and NW-SE fault trend. This suggests that NE-SW and NE-SE fault-set could be responsible for the tremor experienced in Shaki west southwestern, Nigeria. It is concluded that the study area is not immune from experiencing occurrences of tremors from time to time.Item Practice and theoretical analysis of ground penetrating radar in voids detection of urban underground pipe-jacking(Elsevier Inc., 2025) Adagunodo, Theophilus Aanuoluwa; Hu, Fengming; Yang, Tianchun; Zhu, Debing; Huang, RuiPipe-jacking construction technology has become more prevalent with the development of urbanization. At the same time, non-destructive detection of the compactness around the pipe-jacking is a necessary step in the pipe jacking engineering. Therefore, the present study intends to explore the non-destructive detection of pipe-jacking quality by using ground penetrating radar. Ground penetrating radar can also be called GPR for short, and it plays an irreplaceable role in our life through its efficient and nondestructive detection function. In the study, void models for plastic jacking pipes, reinforced concrete jacking pipes, and steel jacking pipes were constructed, and forward simulations of ground penetrating radar were conducted using the two-dimensional finite element method to investigate the parameter influences brought about by seasonal changes and the shape of the voids; furthermore, combined with the sewage jacking pipe project in Xiangtan City, Hunan Province, practical detection and experimental research on reinforced concrete jacking pipes and steel jacking pipes are carried out using ground penetrating radar. The research results indicate that ground penetrating radar is feasible for detecting the density conditions around cement jacking pipes, plastic jacking pipes, and reinforced concrete jacking pipes. However, when detecting the void conditions around steel jacking pipes, strong multiple re flections occur between the radar antenna and the pipe wall, making it impossible to achieve the goal of detecting the density behind the jacking pipe. Therefore, future research is needed to develop new methods and technologies for assessing the construction quality of steel jacking pipes.Item Fluoride Concentrations Within the Shallow Aquifers in Iree, Southwest Nigeria(Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024) Adagunodo, Theophilus Aanuoluwa; Adeniji, Adetunji Ayokunnu; Ojoawo, Ayobami Ismaila; Ajao, Adekunle MayowaAssessing the toxic fluoride concentration in groundwater is critical and vital, since its occurrence in the water has been linked to the natural deposition of parent rocks during weathering. Consumption of fluoride in water can cause serious health problems, such as skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, fertility reduction, urinary tract infection and disorder, nervous system damage and so on. The aim of this study is to determine the fluoride contamination level in the shallow aquifers of a crystalline basement system in Iree community, south-west Nigeria. Fifteen near-surface wells were tested for fluoride constituents and the determination of some physical parameters (such as pH and water temperature). Samples were analyzed by colorimetry in order to determine fluoride concentrations. The normality of the data was tested using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, while the fluoride constituents in the water samples were compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold. The obtained fluoride contents varied from 0.75 to 1.5 mg.l−1 , the pH varied from 6.89 to 8.07, and the water temperature varied from 26.8 to 30.5 °C. It was revealed that some near-surface wells exceeded the WHO permissible standard of 1.0 mg. l −1 for fluoride constituents in potable water. Based on these results, it could be concluded that a crucial and periodic assessment of the near-surface wells is recommended to keep track of the fluctuations in the fluoride concentrations within the study area. The outcome of this study will serve as baseline guidance for policy-makers as well as the concerned authorities to know the degree of fluoride constituents in their shallow wells and to proffer possible solutions in mitigating these pollution risks as soon as possible.Item Geospatial mapping of radon concentrations and uncertainties in radiological risk assessments using probabilistic modelling: the case of Ibadan(Springer, 2026) Adagunodo, Theophilus Aanuoluwa; Aremu, Abraham Adewale; Adewoye, Abosede Olufunmi; Oladapo, Olukunle Olaonipekun; Orosun, Muyiwa Michael; Ajibade, Oluwadamilola Ayoola; Muzammil, Khursheed; Zahrani, YousefRadon is a primary source of internal radiation exposure, occurring via inhalation and ingestion. This study investigates the distributions and radiological hazards of soil radon and groundwater radon in Ibadan, a major city in Nigeria. Radon concentrations were measured at 41 sites using a RAD7 detection system. The geospatial distribution was mapped using Surfer 10 software, and health risks were assessed via Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). Soil radon concentrations ranged from 1.75 to 47.24 kBq/m3 (mean: 22.30±14.48 kBq/m3 ), while water radon concentrations ranged from 1.12 to 30.48 Bq/L (mean: 14.17±8.80 Bq/L). The average soil radon level falls below the ICRP limit (40 kBq/ m3), but the average water radon exceeded the EPA limit of 11.1 Bq/L. A strong Spearman rank corre lation of 0.96 was observed between the two media. Geospatial analysis identified Class III hotspots (e.g., Pegba and Oranyan) as priority areas for local miti gation. The MCS quantified the probabilistic health burden, revealing a grand excess lifetime cancer risk ranging from 0.007×10⁻(found in the worst-case scenario at Oranyan) with an average mean of 0.605×10⁻3 . Notably, the maximum probable risk in high-exposure hotspots remains below the ICRP reference level of 3.75×10⁻3, suggesting that while the risk is significant, it does not exceed the international threshold for emergency intervention. These findings underscore the necessity of targeted intervention to manage long-term radio logical health implications for the population.Item Simulation of the Telluric Electrical Field Frequency Selection Method and Its Application in Mineral Water Exploration(MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, 2025) Adagunodo, Theophilus Aanuoluwa; Yang, Tianchun; Yang, Zhu; Qin, Qin; Zhu, MaoyueIn practical engineering geophysics, anomalous bodies are typically three-dimensional (3-D) structures, making it inaccurate to represent the subsurface geoelectric model using a two-dimensional (2-D) assumption. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of the telluric electrical field frequency selection method (TEFSM) remains insufficiently understood. To address these limitations, this study presents a 3-D forward modeling algorithm based on the edge-based finite element method to solve the TEFSM forward problem. This paper also investigates the application of TEFSM in mineral water exploration, striving to minimize the influence of strong electromagnetic interference sources such as high voltage power lines. Specifically, the paper presents the forward theory of TEFSM and analyzes the causes of galvanic distortion, particularly static shift. Numerical simulations examine the response characteristics of anomalous bodies and the influence of galvanic distortion. The results indicate that galvanic distortion enhances shallow local anomalies in the modulus of the electric field while masking deeper targets. In contrast, the phase of the electric field effectively reflects deeper anomalous bodies and is minimally affected by galvanic distortion. Future improvements in frequency selectors may enable reliable phase measurements, thereby enhancing data interpretability. Subsequently, the TEFSM was applied to field data collected during mineral water exploration. The field test results confirm the effectiveness of TEFSM and demonstrate that it is a portable, simple, low-cost, and highly efficient method for groundwater detection.Item Causes and Possible Solutions to Road Failure in Nigeria(Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., 2025) Adagunodo, Theophilus Aanuoluwa; Adeniji, Adetunji Ayokunnu; Okeniyi, Elizabeth ToyinCracks, defects and potholes characterize Nigerian roads. It is difficult to travel a long kilometer without coming across defects on the road, which has resulted in severe challenges and fatal accidents in Nigeria. The individual road has its life expectancy. In most cases, some roads fail before the expected service life. Some failures are noticed immediately after construction, some are observed after flood ing, and some failures are revealed as a result of a poor drainage system, while a few others could serve their purpose and life expectancy as a result of adequate mainte nance. In Nigeria, transportation via road is an inexpensive and efficient means of transportation for the masses as other transport systems are too expensive or not mature for commercial services. In most cases, the presence of unrestrained axle loads on most of the road networks in Nigeria has resulted in a reduction in the life expectancy of these roads. This chapter briefly reviews the causes of road failure in Nigeria and possible solutions.