Department of Building Technology

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Adoption and Barriers of Engineered Bamboo Products in the Nigerian Construction Industry
(Civil Engineering and Architecture 13(2), 2025) Ojelabi, Rapheal A.; Omuh, Ignatius O.; Amusan, Lekan M; Ogunrinde, Olugbenro
The rise in the cost of conventional construction materials and the greenhouse effect from construction activities have been an issue of concern to stakeholders in the construction industry. Hence, efforts have been concentrated on developing low-cost, environmentally friendly and sustainable local materials to mitigate the greenhouse effect. The quest for the sustainable materials necessitates the study to examine the prospects of adoption of engineered bamboo products and the challenges militating against its use among construction professionals. A quantitative approach was adopted and 70 questionnaires were distributed among construction professionals with structural engineering background in selected firms across Lagos State. Data collected were processed using percentage, mean item score and Kruskal Wallis’s test. Facts garnered from the study revealed that engineered bamboo adoption for construction related works like ceiling, flooring, and reinforcement among others is not outstanding. The poor implementation of the engineered bamboo products is attributed to some challenges which include ‘high affinity for conventional materials’, ‘unavailability of bamboo products’ and ‘lack of machinery to refine raw bamboo’ among others. Therefore, the study recommends that stakeholders need to channel more resources into research and development and creating an enabling policy that can enhance the bamboo products adoption.
Adoption and Barriers of Engineered Bamboo Products in the Nigerian Construction Industry
(Horizon Research Publishing (HRPUB), 2025) Amusan, Lekan M.; Ojelabi, Rapheal A.; Omuh, Ignatius O.; Ogunrinde, Olugbenro
The rise in the cost of conventional construction materials and the greenhouse effect from construction activities have been an issue of concern to stakeholders in the construction industry. Hence, efforts have been concentrated on developing low-cost, environmentally friendly and sustainable local materials to mitigate the greenhouse effect. The quest for the sustainable materials necessitates the study to examine the prospects of adoption of engineered bamboo products and the challenges militating against its use among construction professionals. A quantitative approach was adopted and 70 questionnaires were distributed among construction professionals with structural engineering background in selected firms across Lagos State. Data collected were processed using percentage, mean item score and KruskalWallis’s test. Facts garnered from the study revealed that engineered bamboo adoption for construction related works like ceiling, flooring, and reinforcement among others is not outstanding. The poor implementation of the engineered bamboo products is attributed to some challenges which include ‘high affinity for conventional materials’, ‘unavailability of bamboo products’ and ‘lack of machinery to refine raw bamboo’ among others. Therefore, the study recommends that stakeholders need to channel more resources into research and development and creating an enabling policy that can enhance the bamboo products adoption.
ADOPTION OF INDUSTRY 4.0 TOOLS IN ACHIEVING CONSTRUCTION 4.0 FOR SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
(AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (BIAM), 2023) Amusan, Lekan; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Emetere, Moses; Oloke, Olayinka
Construction 4.0 has been enabled through the introduction of Industry 4.0and its tools. The rate of adoption of the Construction 4.0, however, to create a good ecological landscape has been rapid which needs enhancement for achieving sustainable infrastructure. This study therefore aims at presenting an integral approach to creating a pathway-model for technological innovation, industrial and sustainable infrastructural development using Lean thinking, Industry 4.0 technologies and sustainability concepts. The main objective of the study is to study the issues around the adoption of industry 4.0 to achieve Construction 4.0 for achieving sustainable infrastructure. The study articulated the following objective parameters to carry out the survey, such as (i) Industry 4.0 application drivers in the construction industry in achieving sustainable infrastructural development, (ii) prospect of Construction 4.0 in achieving industrial development of Industry 4.0,(iii) factors influencing the adoption of Industry 4.0 for technological development, (iv) future of Construction 4.0 in construction industry in infrastructural development and (v) socioeconomic implications of Industry 4.0 tools adoption.A total of 150 samples was used for the study from a population frame of 250 construction. The sample frame of 250 construction companies that are medium and large scale in the category we used as the sample frame for the study. The following statistical tools of SPSS 25 were used to process the data: Mean index, Kruska-wallis,ANOVA, Pearson ranking, Cronbach Alpha and Chi square. The study recommends the following:However, adoption of the Construction 4.0, there are numerous parameters that influence the adoption of industry 4.0 for technological development,which need to be considered to achieve sustainable infrastructural development. For instance, there is a need for attitudinal change, cultural orientation,economic development, and technological innovation. There is a future for success in the application of Construction 4.0 in creating a robust infrastructural economy which is sustainable.
Application of artificial intelligence in the Nigerian building and construction industry
(2022) Tunji-Olayeni, Patience; Owolabi, James Dele; Malagwi, ,Dzarma; Oyeyipo, peyemi; Ola-Ade, Esther Oluwafolakemi; Fikiemo, Patience
The uniqueness and inherent complexities of the construction industry require the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve its processes and enhance overall competitiveness and performance. This study examined the awareness level and application of AI to provide useful insights into the state of AI applications in the Nigerian construction industry. A quantitative research design with the use of a questionnaire was used to obtain data from 53 construction professionals in the Lagos Island area of Lagos State, Nigeria. The professionals included Quantity Surveyors, Architects, Civil Engineers, Builders, and Estate Surveyors selected based on a purposive sampling technique. Data from the survey were analyzed with frequencies, mean, and ANOVA. The study found that most of the respondents were aware of the application of AI in construction, and there was no difference in the awareness level of the participants irrespective of their professional affiliations, organizational type, and organizational size. Generally, the most common application of AI among the participants surveyed were generative designs in BIM, measurement and estimating software, and the use of sensors in intelligent buildings. Moreover, design and project planning was found to be the most critical areas of need for AI in the study area. The study underscores the need for investments in other AI applications other than BIM and estimating software to improve productivity, performance, and enhance client satisfaction.
Application of gamification for sustainable construction: an evaluation of the challenges
(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2022) Tunji-Olayeni, Patience; Oke, Ayodeji Emmanuel; Aliu, John; Abayomi, Timilehin
Purpose – This paper aims to identify and evaluate the challenges affecting the adoption of gamification practices in developing countries through the lens of the Nigerian construction industry. Design/methodology/approach – A scoping literature review was conducted through which challenges to the adoption of gamification practices were identified, which helped in the formulation of a questionnaire survey. Data was obtained from construction professionals including architects, builders, engineers and quantity surveyors. Retrieved data were analyzed using several statistical tools such as percentages, frequencies, mean item scores (MIS) and exploratory factor analyses. Findings – Based on the MIS ranking results, the top five significant challenges to the adoption of gamification were lack of capacity and expertise, lack of budgeting for innovation, lack of technical infrastructure, hesitation to adopt and limited internet connectivity. Through factor analysis, the challenges identified were categorized into five principal clusters, namely, organizational challenges, technical-related challenges, human-related challenges, data security challenges and economic challenges. Practical implications – The identification and evaluation of the key challenges hindering the adoption of gamification practices would help construction organizations and stakeholders to understand the need to embrace and implement the concept into their activities, operations and processes to improve the engagement and motivation levels of employees. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first of its kind in the study area to identify and evaluate the challenges affecting the adoption of gamification practices using a structured quantitative approach.
Assessment of Emergency Response in the Incident of Building Collapse in Selected Location in Lagos State
(7th International Conference on Science and Sustainable Development and Workshop, 2024) Ojelabi, Rapheal; Oladiran, O. J.; Omuh, I. O.
The incidence of building collapse is one of the emergency events that requires urgent attention due to the loss of lives that usually accompany its occurrence. The study aims at examining the response time and challenges impacting emergency events like building collapses in Lagos. A questionnaire survey was adopted, and a total of eighty (80) respondents were drawn from construction professionals using cluster and purposive sampling techniques. Sixty-one (61) questionnaires were completed and returned, representing a 76% response rate. The data generated were subjected to descriptive analysis using mean scores and inferential statistical analysis using ANOVA. The findings from the study indicated that 30–120 minutes are rated as the appropriate response time to emergency events like building collapses to forestall the loss of lives. The results also indicate that among the top barriers slowing down emergency response, the incidence of collapse includes poor resources and funding, a complex network of governing bodies, poor road and network issues, and a lack of emergency toll-free lines. The results further revealed that none of the factors limiting emergency response is more significant than the others. Hence, the study recommends that to ensure prompt emergency response to the incidence of building failures in Lagos State, every local government area should have an emergency management office with a well-equipped team. It also recommends that the government should not only provide infrastructural facilities such as a good road network; they should also create emergency routes to aid ease of accessibility in the incidence of emergency events like building collapses. Also, the use of ICT like drones and robotics, among others, should be deployed in managing rescue operations in building collapses.
Assessment of knowledge management barriers and improvement strategies on public-private partnership projects in Nigeria
(Taylor & Francis, 2024) Amusan, L. M.; Akinbo, T. F.; Fagbenle, O. I.
Several studies have alluded that many PPP stakeholders lack the required PPP competencies. The incompetence, most times, has failed in many PPP projects in developed and developing countries. One of the main pointers is the lack of knowledge transfer on many PPP projects, which could have benefitted the PPP procurement system. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge management barriers and improvement strategies for public-private partnership projects in Nigeria. The study used a quota-purposive sampling technique to select 100 construction professionals actively participating in different PPP projects in the study location. The result revealed that the leading knowledge management barriers include recording and tracking information on the PPP project, lack of management support towards knowledge management on the PPP project, and lack of expertise and skill to implement knowledge management tools. The dimensions of these knowledge management barriers are based on the features of PPP and the lack of KM competencies. To overcome these knowledge management barriers, the study showed that improvement strategies such as training and development of PPP stakeholders on knowledge management tools, legislative backing on using knowledge tools for storing PPP projects, and par ticipation/commitment from relevant parties in information sharing need to be implemented. Inferential analysis of the improvement strategies showed that most of the improvement strategies were statistically significant. The study recommended developing PPP and KM competencies through short and long-term training and commitment from PPP stakeholders.
Asymmetry in Professionals’ Perceptions of Sustainable Construction
(2022) Tunji-Olayeni, Patience; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Oke, Ayodej
Sustainable construction is the response of the construction industry to the environ mental, social and economic challenges arising from construction activities. Although the negative impact of construction activities is a global problem, it has local effe cts that require the inputs of indigenous stakeholders for mitigation. Hence, the study assessed the perceptions of professionals about sustainable construction with a view to boosting understanding of how individual awareness and commitments influence the implementation of sustainable construction. The study adopted a quanti tative research approach to obtain information from professionals working in different sectors of the construction industry in Lagos, Nigeria. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse data from the survey. Findings revealed statistically significant differences in the perceptions of professionals about sustainable constri ction. The findings have implications for: the design of sustainable construction policies, the business case for sustainable construction and the diffusion of sustainable construction.
Awareness and Implementation Challenges of the Green Retrofitting in Building Enclosure in the Nigerian Construction Industry
(7th International Conference on Science and Sustainable Development and Workshop, 2024) Ojelabi, Rapheal; Mohammed, T. A.; Oladiran, O.J.
This research work aims at examining awareness and implementation challenges of green retrofitting in building enclosures among professionals in the Nigerian construction industry. The study identifies the varying green retrofitting used in building enclosures and investigates its level of awareness and the factors affecting its adoption among professionals in the Nigerian construction industry. The sample was 100 comprising professionals in the construction industry selected randomly using cluster and purposive sampling techniques; and the response was 60%. Data were analyzed using frequency, mean and rank. The findings from the study revealed that out of the 20 green retrofitting used in building enclosures, the construction professionals are more aware of green roofs, high-quality glazing, reflective roofs, energy-efficient windows and doors, and shading device which include louvers. Also, top among the implementation challenges of green retrofitting used in building enclosure among construction professionals include limited knowledge, cost of fixing green retrofitting, skills gap, reluctance to adapt, and poor infrastructure are the major factors. The study recommend that government and professional bodies should sponsor innovative training approaches aimed at addressing skill shortages. This could be in form of schemes such as micro credentials and on-the-job training.
Barriers Hindering Green Building Materials Adoption in the Nigerian Construction Industry
(Ingenta Connect, 2024) Tunji-Olayeni, Patience; David, S.
The adoption of green building material can lower greenhouse gas emissions emanating from construction related activities. Green building materials (GBM) have a lower carbon footprint, it has more energy efficient and also offer better thermal comfort which make them advantageous than conventional building materials. Green Building material (GBM) offers environmental, social and economic benefits over conventional building material. However little empirical evidence exists of the wide spread adoption of GBM at scale in especially in developing countries, particularly Nigeria, what could be the factor that hindered GBM adoption. To answer this, this paper assesses the barrier hindering GBM adoption in Nigeria construction industrial (NCI). It uses a cross-sectional survey research design with a structured questionnaire to achieve the aim of the study. Inferential and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data gotten from the survey. The result from the analysis showed; lack of government policies focused on Green building materials adoption, lack of knowledge about Green building materials, lack of industrialized systems for Green building materials production, Lack of institution to formulate policies and set guideline and Lack of Demand for GBM are the first five main barriers hindering GBM adoption in Nigeria. The findings of the study have great implications for GBM policy, design and implementation. These Policies will serves as frameworks which can create an enabling environment for GBM production to thrive and also drive the adoption of the same in the NCI. Ultimately this will cut down on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change.
Bibliometric Analysis of Literature on Smart Technology Integration in the Construction Industry
(IOP Publishing, 2024)
Globally, the construction industry is experiencing a significant increase in new technologies due to transitioning from traditional methods to digital technologies. The construction industry is utilizing advanced digital technologies to reduce operational inefficiencies. Soaring demand for homes is exposing the limitations of traditional construction methods. The study aims to analyze research trends in smart technology integration in the construction industry through bibliometric analysis. The Scopus database results were extracted with VOS Viewer. The study examined 19,225 papers on “Smart Construction,” narrowing it down to 588 suitable for review based on criteria such as subject area, publication type, etc. The United Kingdom, the United States, and Hong Kong produced the most impactful research. The countries with the most smart construction publications are the Russian Federation, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The most cited publications were review-based and focused on blockchain, sustainable infrastructure, digital construction, etc. The work explicitly highlights the overview of the technologies being used in smart construction practices. This study aids researchers and built environment professionals in comprehending the integration of smart technology in the construction sector by offering baseline data for future research. The study suggests the need for case study-based research to understand better the practical application of smart technology in the construction sectors, thereby enabling further trend analysis. This study’s findings can help enhance efficiency and sustainability in future construction research and development.
Chapter 19: Stress Management in Construction: A Driver of Construction Health, Safety, and Wellbeing Improvement
(Taylor & Francis, 2024) Amusan, Lekan; Gold Essien Enang,; Aigbavboa, Clinton
Construction 4.0 Application: Industry 4.0, Internet of Things and Lean Construction Tools’ Application in Quality Management System of Residential Building Projects
(MDPI, Basel, Switzerland., 2022) Amusan, Lekan; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Essien, Stella; Emetere, Moses; Obaju, Biodun
The advent of Construction 4.0 has played a major role in construction industry develop ment through the improvement of quality performance. One of the parameters that have contributed immensely to the management of construction quality in the industrial revolution era is Industry 4.0, the Internet of Things (IoT), and Lean thinking concepts. Lean construction is characterized by a set of clear objectives in project delivery involving the concurrent design of products and processes. The study aims to carry out an exploratory study of the application of Construction 4.0 and Industrial 4.0 in quality management of building works and the development of Lean-based quality management models: The study engaged a survey design approach, and a random sampling technique was used to select the study samples. A structured questionnaire designed on a Likert scale 1–5 was used to collate data on the quality aspect of a construction project, and the data were used in model creation. The parameters that emerged are cast as the quality management model. The resultant factors were categorized into three (3) quality categories, which are the Zero level Defect range, Medium Quality, and High-Level Quality Range. The three (3) quality factors were recommended for adoption for quality management of residential building projects.
Construction Craftspeople Apprenticeship in Nigeria: From the Lens of Apprentices
(Routledge; Taylor & Francis, 2026) Tunji-Olayeni, Patience; Adah, Christiana Ada; Daniel, Emmanuel Itodo; Aghimien, Douglas
The construction industry is facing a shortage of skilled workers worldwide. This shortfall can be addressed through the construction craftspeople apprenticeship system, which has not received significant attention in developing countries like Nigeria. This study aims to explore the experiences of apprentices in construction craftspeople apprenticeship programs in Nigeria. Data were collected using questionnaire surveys and interviews. Astructured questionnaire was distributed to thirty-two apprentices across two construction craftspeople apprentice ship programs in Nigeria, and sixteen interviews were conducted. The survey data were analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII), while data from the interview were analyzed using content analysis to identify key themes. The findings revealed that the primary motivators for individuals to pursue apprenticeships in the construction sector include the desire to work in the construction industry, the opportunity for skills and ability development, and the opportunity for income and associated benefits. Conversely, the major challenges faced by apprentices include limited job availability after completing their apprentice ship, poor or nonpayment of allowances, redundancy during training and inadequate training quality. These findings are significant for con struction stakeholders as they highlight the need for strategies to encourage young people to engage in apprenticeship training while addressing the challenges faced by apprentices.
Critical Success Factors for the diffusion of Artificial Intelligence in the Nigerian Construction Industry
(AHFE Open Access, 2022) Tunji-Olayeni, Patience; Oke, Ayodeji Emmanuel; Aigbavboa, Clinton
Adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the construction industry can improve constru ction processes, enhance competitiveness and boost the overall performance of the industry. However, the use of AI in the construction industry particularly in develo ping countries such as Nigeria is limited. This study examined the critical success factors for the diffusion of AI in the Nigerian construction industry. The study ado pted a quantitative research design with the use of questionnaire to elicit information from construction professionals in Lagos Island, Lagos, Nigeria. The study showed that institutional factors, behavioural factors and cost factors were the most critical success factors for the diffusion of AI in the Nigerian construction. Other factors inclu ded knowledge factors, infrastructure factors, technical factors and trust factors. The study offers some insights into the critical success factors for the diffusion of AI in a developing country such as Nigeria.
Diagnosing Government Responsibilities in the Implementation of Public-Private Partnership System for Infrastructure Procurement
(International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning Vol. 20, No. 6, 2025-06) Ojelabi, Rapheal A.; Oyenubi, Adebayo; Oyeyipo, Opeyemi
Public-Private Procurement is a system that allows for collaboration between the government and private partners in infrastructure provision. However, researchers argued that the successful implementation of the procurement option rested more on the government's shoulders. Hence, the study aims to identify critical government roles and investigate their importance and performance in PPP projects in Nigeria using a survey approach. The targeted respondents are PPP stakeholders operating in Lagos and Abuja. However, due to the absence of comprehensive lists of the PPP stakeholders involved in PPP projects in Nigeria, a project based approach was used in attaining the representative samples for the study, including contractors, consultants, concessionaires, government agencies, and financiers. About 384 copies of questionnaires were randomly distributed to the sample representatives, and 274 copies were retrieved. The data generated were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Findings showed that all the roles identified are critical and showed significant interrelationships with each other. However, the government's performance in the highlighted roles is unsatisfactory, and recommendations were made on its shortfall.
Disruptive industry4.0 intervention and economy security strategy for supporting construction business in the COVID-19 pandemic era
(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2023) Amusan, Lekan; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Amotsuka, Gift Apugha
This research looked into disruptive industry4.0 intervention and economic security strategy for supporting construction business during the COVID-19 pandemic, influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on materials, human resources, and building project completion time in Rivers State, Nigeria. This study aims at identifying result oriented strategy that could help to avoiding cost and time over-run on construction site during post COVID-19 pandemic era. For this research work, 100 questionnaires were administered. The influence, effect, and strategies adopted throughout the management and control of construction work during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as health and safety protocols in use on construction sites during the COVID-19 pandemic, were all areas identified in the questionnaires that were administered as a primary source of data, the relative agreement index, and SPSS were used as secondary sources of data to supplement the questionnaires' results. The COVID-19 pandemic had an influence on several construction companies in Rivers state, from material logistics to material use, wages and salaries of workers were also affected, and the health and safety protocols put in place on-site by management were highly mandatory for workers to prevent the virus from spreading. In addition, the development of COVID-19 pandemic awareness programs was the most widely accepted tactic implemented by construction company executives in Rivers state. Construction businesses should provide transportation for construction workers, regular health assessments, COVID-19 palliatives, pre-time payment of earnings and salary, and source reputable material suppliers, according to the recommendations derived from this research work. Disruptions that need to be implemented in construction businesses are using a digitalized work environment to help construction businesses to continue even during the pandemic (BIM & machines), Government also helping construction businesses by providing incentives and direct public investments and Identifying of opportunities to shift work offsite.
Disruptive technological innovations in construction field and fourth industrial revolution intervention in the achievement of the sustainable development goal 9
(Taylor & Francis, 2020) Amusan, Lekan; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Babatunde, Ogunbayo; Fagbenle, Olabosipo; Adediran,Christiana
Innovation has been described as a vehicle of development. This research therefore address the question of relevance of fourth industrial revolution in providing backbone for disruption that could make sustainable development goal 9 achievable. The purpose of the study is to marry the intervention of disruptive innovation within the context of fourth industrial revolution and how it could help achieve SDG goal 9. Quantitative approach was used in carrying out the research while random sampling technique was used to pick samples randomly across the study area. Sample frame of 100 was picked while sample size of 50 samples was picked from the population frame. Questionnaire designed in Likert scale 1–5 was used for the study. The following results were presented, the need for disruptive innovation in construction field, state of disruption in construction operation in construction industry, factors affecting technological disruption [td], level of awareness of disruptive technology in the built environment, critical success factor in application of disruptive technologies, major drivers of disruptive innovations in construction industry and their functionalities. The study later proposed route for deployment of disruptive application in sustainable construction and achieving millennium development goal through disruptive innovations. Disruptive innovation is the key to desired technological development.
Education and Training in the Technological Era: Adopting the Head, Heart, and Hand Approach for Effective Social Media Usage
(AHFE International, 2024) Amusan, Lekan; Aigbe, Fortune; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Idowu, Ayobami
The various industrial revolution from the first industrial revolution birthed water and steam-powered manufacturing facilities, the second industrial revolution birthed electrically powered mass production, the third industrial revolution led to the birthing of computers and Robots, while the fourth industrial revolution welcomed Cyber physical systems and the internet. The advent of computers and the internet has led to the use of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, which can be used for work and for communication. The workers who will need these platforms will be those who are already employed, as well as those who need to be employed Hence, requisite skills (which could be both hard and soft) are required to use these platforms effectively. This study is based on the use of secondary data sources such as articles and journals using inductive and semantic approaches and thematic analysis. The study aims to promote the effective utilization of social media for work and communication through the Head, Hand, Heart Approach to Education and Training. The study reveals that the Head and Hand approach, which is cognitive learning and practical doing, provides the workers with the necessary hard skills to use social media. The Heart approach, which is affective learning, relational knowing, and emotional involvement, provides workers with the necessary soft skills to use social media for communication. The study contributes to scholarly discussions on workforce education and training in the digital era, as well as empirically contributes to the effective management of the workforce of the future.
Evaluating Construction Project Performance: A Case of Construction SMEs in Lagos, Nigeria
(IBIMA Publishing, 2016) Tunji-Olayeni, Patience; Mosaku, Timothy Olusoji; Fagbenle, Olabosipo Ishola; Omuh, Ignatius Owoicho; Joshua, Opeyemi
Performance evaluation is a vital tool for assessing management performance and formulating corporate strategies. The Nigerian construction industry is reported to be very vibrant and one of the largest in Africa. It is made up of 78% indigenous firms and 22% foreign firms. The indigenous firms are predominately small and medium – sized. However, the Nigerian construction industry have been challenged to improve its performance because of reports of performance problems in terms of cost over runs, time over runs, poor quality of work, low productivity among other problems. The aim of the study was to establish the measures used by construction SMEs for evaluating performance. The study employed a case study research design. Five construction SMEs in Lagos, Nigeria were selected as case studies. The findings revealed that construction SMEs do not use any of the established performance measurement frameworks for evaluating performance. The main performance measures used by construction SMEs are cost, time, quality, customer satisfaction, profitability of the project, labour productivity, safety and team work. It was also established from the study that construction SMEs do not use supply chain management and employee satisfaction. It was suggested that construction SMEs should also use supply chain management and employee satisfaction because these measures have been found to impact positively on firms’ performance.