Department of Biological Sciences

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Application of Nanochitosan in the Detection of Pesticide Residues and Degradation
(2020) Yakubu, Japhet Gaius; Oyewole, Oluwafemi Adebayo; Ilyasu, Ummulkhair Salamah; Ayanda, Opeyemi Isaac; Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun
Chemicals called pesticides are used to manage pests like weeds, rodents, and insects. They are commonly used in agriculture to safeguard animals and crops from pests and illnesses. The usage of pesticides, however, can potentially have detrimental effects on the environment and public health. Pesticides can harm non-target creatures and contaminate the soil, water, and air. In addition, exposure to pesticides can result in a variety of medical issues in people, such as cancer, neurological conditions, and reproductive issues. Chitosan is a natural polymer formed from crab shells. Nanochitosan is chitosan in a nanoscale form. It has several distinctive qualities that make it a potential material for a variety of applications, including the detection and degradation of pesticides, such as large surface area, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. There are numerous ways to detect pesticides using nanochitosan. Utilizing sensors made of nanochitosan is one typical strategy. Usually, nanochitosan is immobilized onto a substrate, like a gold electrode, or nanochitosan-based colorimetric assays are used to create these sensors. Because there is currently no environmentally benign method of pesticide remediation, scientists have looked for other ways to prevent pesticides from having a negative impact on the ecosystem. In order to degrade pesticides, nanochitosan has been used in a variety of ways. These include the usage of nanochitosan-based adsorbents, which are typically created by adding a functional group with a strong affinity for pesticides to nanochitosan. The pesticide is subsequently removed from the environment by the functional group after it attaches to it. Because nanochitosan can be impacted by environmental factors including pH and temperature, there are restrictions on its usage for bioremediation. Nanochitosan provides a number of benefits over other materials used for the detection and degradation of pesticides, notwithstanding its limits. As a result, it may be investigated to reduce the effects of pesticides on the environment.
Physicochemical parameters of the Lekki Lagoon in relation to abundance of Wenyonia sp Woodland, 1923 (Cestoda: Caryophyllidae) in Synodontis clarias (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Environmental Challenges, 2022) Koledoye, T. Y.; Akinsanya, B.; Adekoya, K. O.; Isibor, P. O.
Parasitic infection of fish is seen worldwide, and they are of particular interest in the tropics. Reports indicate that parasite infections in fishes lead to a disruption in aquaculture production. This study was undertaken to determine the association between physicochemical parameters and the abundance of Wenyonia sp Woodland, 1923 in Synodontis clarias collected from Lekki Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 180 Synodontis clarias were investigated between April 2019 and March 2020. The physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids of the surface water at the Lekki Lagoon were assessed in situ using the Horiba U50 multi-water sampler at three (3) Points, 500 metres apart. There was a positive correlation between parasite abundance and all the physicochemical parameters investigated. Water temperature showed a positive correlation with pH and turbidity and a negative correlation with electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids. The results showed that the statistical T-value (-2.72) of the parasite abundance between the male and the female fish was lower than the critical T-value (1.98), indicating no significant difference in the levels of infections between the male and female fish samples. In conjunction with future data, the data produced in this study can be used in monitoring the aquatic habitat for informed remediation of the lagoon to aid the preservation of the ecological services rendered by the aquatic ecosystem
Potential Utilization of Coconut Water as a Natural Substitute to Plant Growth Regulators for In Vitro Propagation of Hibiscus sabdariffa
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY, 2024) Bello, Oluwakemi Adetutu; Adedeji, Adepeju Deborah; Obembe, Olawole Odun
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. possesses various parts like seeds, leaves and calyces that hold economic importance due to their multi purpose. Its benefits can be fully tapped into using in vitro propagation, especially by incorporating organic additives into the media. This study established the sterilization protocol and the response of H. sabdariffa to various concentrations of coconut water as a natural plant growth regulator. Seeds were surface-sterilized using calcium hypochlorite solution in combination with 70% ethanol, with or without hot water pre-treatment, and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media. Ten days after culture, hypocotyl, cotyledon and cotyledonary node explants excised from in vitro-grown seedlings were cultured on MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations of coconut water (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% v/v). The cultures were monitored for callus induction, morphology, and colour of the callus, as well as shoot and root formation. The result showed that the seeds sterilized in 70% ethanol (20 s) and 5% calcium hypochlorite for 20 min resulted in the highest percentage of clean culture and germination. By day 28, all the explants in the different coconut water treatments had formed callus. Leaf formation was observed from all cotyledonary nodes in the various treatments. Multiple shoots were observed on cotyledon explants in MS medium supplemented with 15% coconut water. Root formation was observed on all the treatments. Further research is recommended to ascertain the effect of coconut water on the morphogenesis of the plant.
Microbial Nano-remediation of Microplastics: A review
(S. Afr. J. Chem, 2024) Akinhanmi, Fadekemi O.; Ayanda, Opeyemi I.; Dedeke, Gabriel A.
Microplastics’ ubiquity in all environmental matrices worldwide, coupled with poor plastic waste management practices, calls for serious health and environmental attention. Microplastics are persistent and slow-degrading contaminants with a high potential to fragment as well as adsorb other contaminants. Along with macroplastic waste reduction methods such as incineration, recycling, landfilling, pyrolysis, and bioremediation approaches novel methods to remove microplastics from the environment are necessary. The multidisciplinary and progressive area of science, nanotechnology, has the potential for diverse applications with engineered nanomaterials that have superior properties over micro-particles because of their size and surface area ratio. The integration of microbial remediation and nanotechnology holds great promise for the nano-remediation of persistent environmental microplastics. Here, we review plastic-degrading microbes (Bacillus sp., Diplococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., Moraxella sp., Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus sp), microbial synthesis of nanoparticles (Zinc oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide and others), and nanoparticle synthesis with plastic-degrading microbes. This article also discusses the mechanism of microbial nano-remediation and microbial interactions with nanomaterials. The advantages, limitations, and prospects of microbial nano-remediation of microplastics are discussed. This review suggests the use of metagenomics to further identify a wider range of organisms for bioremediation of microplastics, while also proposing the use of artificial intelligence for the construction of immobilized microbial nano-enzyme composites for degrading microplastics faster
Application of Nanobiofertilization for Bioremediation and Ecorestoration of Polluted Soil/Farmland
(2024) Oyewole, Oluwafemi Adebayo; Chimbekujwo, Konjerimam Ishaku; Oniha, Margaret; Omoregie, Isibor Patrick; Ayanda, Opeyemi Isaac; Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun; Mathew, John Tsado
Nanotechnology is a novel field of research that solves issues in relation to environmental contamination. It opens doors for an environmentally friendly substitutes without altering the ecosystem. The combination of the two methods, nanobiofertilization and bioremediation is a recently developed approach which gives hope for decontamination of the environment and restoring a livable future. It has proven to effectively absorb contaminates in a short period of time and in a friendlier manner. Microorganisms in nanobioremediation play an important role in the removal, detoxifying, degrading, and immobilization of pollutant into less toxic form. Bio- and phytoremediations are exclusively preferred approaches because of the edge it has over numerous methods like high waste cleaning abilities, its cheap, ecofriendly, and generally acceptable. This approach has exceptionally added to the tolerability and ecorestoration of the environment based on the upper hand it has over other innovations. More so, its efficacy signifies high level of pollutant removal and has lay out new prospect to tackle problem within the environment.
Unveiling the therapeutic benefits and potentials of Water Hyacinth in promoting a sustainable healthy living: an overview
(IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2024) Uamai, I. J.; Ayanda, Opeyemi I.; Omohinmin, C. A.
Water hyacinth (Eicchornia crassipes) is a notorious aquatic weed with an extraordinary proliferation rate globally, it can grow in different aquatic ecosystem types and varying climatic conditions, outcompete other indigenous plants, and establish to endanger biodiversity, shelter pests, clog fresh waterways, increase evapotranspiration, and hinder waterways traffic; but a little is known about the importance of its wide range of metabolites. The Nigerian health sector is faced with setbacks in meeting its increasing population's basic health (medicine) needs. This situation has led to a call for the exploration of herbal plants as alternatives to synthetic drugs, primarily due to their availability and affordability. Despite the negative impacts of the invasive hydrophyte, water hyacinth, on the economy, ecology, and society, it remains an untapped bioactive resource. Given to the United Nations Development Goal of Good Health and Wellbeing (SDG 3), this review aims to highlight the bioactive components of water hyacinth and their potential for various therapeutic applications in improving human health, instilling a sense of hope for the future. Literatureswere sourced from databases including; Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google, and Google Scholar. Water hyacinth is a natural, easily accessible reservoir of various bioactive compounds comprising those that have been used for therapeutic purposes which include: the treatment of specific fungi and bacteria-related infections, malaria, cancer, ulceration, and malnutrition in various parts of the world. This plant therefore offers a promising sustainable supplementary solution in meeting the health sector's needs.
Dataset on rbcL-based intra-specific diversity and population structure of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) in Nigeria
(Data in Brief (Elsevier), 2024) Omonhinmin, Conrad A.; Taiwo, Nchedo S.; Okonkwor. Paul B.; Ajayi, Israel M.; Akinduti, Paul Akinniyi; Aworunse, Oluwadurotimi S.; Ajiboye, Ibukun; Taiwo, Olugbenga S.; Adekeye, Bosede Temitope; Oziegbe, Olubukola; Bello, Adetutu O.; Ahuekwe, Eze Frank; Oyekanmi, Joshua; Olufowobi, Olanrewaju; Oniha, Margaret Ikhiwili; Oshamika, Oyewumi; Ejoh, Samuel A.; Adewale, Adeyemi G.; Akinnola, Olayemi O.; Oranusi, Solomon U.; Popoola, Jacob O.
African locust bean ( Parkia biglobosa ) is a multipurpose legu- minous tree species of nutritional and pharmacological value. The plant is widely distributed in Africa and across Nige- ria’s major agroecological areas (AEAs). Amidst declining cul- tivation and production, P. biglobosa is genetically threatened in its natural habitats due to overexploitation, deforestation, wildfires and lack of improved tree management practices. Consequently, concerted research efforts directed towards germplasm collection and assessment of genetic relation- ships are imperative for conserving its genetic resources, sustainable management and selecting promising landraces for breeding programmes. The dataset presents rbcL in- traspecific genetic diversity and population structure of 62 P. biglobosa landraces in Nigeria. A relatively high level of diversity and a low degree of nucleotide variability was observed among the landraces. Relatively high values of 642 total allele sites, 601 polymorphic sites, 504 parsimony information sites, 883 total number mutations, 9 haplotypes and 0.55 gene diversity were recorded for the sequence dataset. Low values of 0.35 nucleotide diversity and 5 InDels events were also recorded for the dataset. The gene flow in this dataset demonstrated an extensive exchange of genes between the three populations of P. biglobosa, which influenced the level of genetic differentiation (Gst) between the populations. Significantly low Gst (-0.01) was recorded between the Guinea and Sudan savannah populations, a moderate value (0.03) was recorded between the Sudan savannah and Rainforest populations and a higher Gst value (0.05) was recorded between the Guinea and Rainforest populations. The dataset highlights potential evolutionary dynamics that might influence variations relevant to the breeding and conservation of P. biglobosa in Nigeria and across its range in West and Central Africa.
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS ON ARBOVIRAL INFECTIONS AND DIAGNOSTICS APPROACH IN OGUN STATE, SOUTHWEST NIGERIA
(Open Journal of Medical Research, 2024) Ipadeola, A. F.; Akinnola, Olayemi O.; Kolawole, O. M.; Isere, E. E.; Attah, T. A.; Omenyi, I. O.; Afekelu, O. D.; Oreoluwa, A. A.; Oludare, I. T.; Adediran, A. S.; Olasehinde, G. I.
Arboviral infections pose significant public health challenges in tropical and subtropical regions like Nigeria. However, these diseases are often undetected by healthcare workers (HCWs) due to the similarity in the presentation to other febrile illnesses like malaria. This study assessed the knowledge and diagnostic practices of HCWs on arboviral infections in Ogun State. A cross-sectional study was conducted among HCWs in selected secondary and tertiary health facilities in Ogun State from October 2022 to September 2023. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of arboviral infections, and diagnostic practices. Stata was used to analyze the data at a 5% level of significance. Of the 96 participants included in the study, 59.4% were female, and 40.0% were ≥35 years old. Nurses constituted the largest cadre (41.7%) while medical doctors (24.0%) were the least represented. Most respondents (68.8%) had never heard of arboviral infections, and 81.3% demonstrated poor knowledge about arboviral infections and diagnosis. Only 6.3% of HCWs had previously suspected or diagnosed an arboviral infection, with clinical diagnosis being more common (66.7%) than laboratory testing (33.3%). Notably, 92.7% of all respondents had no prior training in arboviral infection diagnosis. Good knowledge and previous training received were significantly associated with the diagnosis of arboviral infections among HCWs (p<.05). There is a gap in the knowledge and diagnostic practices of HCWs in the detection of arboviral infections in Ogun State. Thus, comprehensive training programs may be significant in improving awareness, and diagnostic capabilities and enhancing prompt detection and management of arboviral infections in Ogun state
Nasal Carriage, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile, and Enterotoxin Genes of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Children with Asthma
(Indian J Microbiol, 2024) Oshamika, Oyewumi Oluwaseun; Sonowo, Oreoluwa; Akinbolagbe, Yeside; Odusote, Olatunde; Akinnola, Olayemi O.; Eni, Angela
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that affects children worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that Staphylococcus aureus contributes to the pathology of asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nasal carriage, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and presence of enterotoxin genes from S. aureus isolated from children with asthma. Nasal swab samples were collected from 158 children, including 98 children with asthma and 60 healthy controls. S. aureus isolates were identified using phenotypic methods and the presence of the nuc gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the presence of the mecA gene and enterotoxin genes. The nuc gene was confirmed in 83 isolates, resulting in a nasal carriage of 52.5% (83/158). The nasal carriage of S. aureus was higher among asthma cases (72.4%), with a significant association of S. aureus nasal carriage observed among asthma cases (OR 0.201, 95% CI 0.063– 0.645, p = 0.007). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage was 11.4%. The S. aureus isolates showed high resistance to cefoxitin (99%) and penicillin (92%) but were sensitive to gentamicin (25%). Furthermore, 67.5% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. The staphylococcal enterotoxin c gene (sec) was the most prevalent enterotoxin (19.7%) among cases and controls. These findings highlight the need for improved antibiotic stewardship in paediatric medicine and implementation of infection control policies.
Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of uropathogens in men with prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia from Southwestern Nigeria
(BMC Microbiology, 2024) Akinpelu, Sharon O.; Olasehinde, Grace I.; kuerowo, Stephen O.; Akinnola, Olayemi O.
Background Epidemiological investigations have revealed an important association between infection, inflammation and prostate cancer. Certain bacterial species, such as Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus mirabilis, Chlamydia trachomatis have been linked to prostate cancer. This study aimed to examine the microbiota; specifically bacterial species that have been linked to prostate infections in the urine of individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer. Results Sixty-six prostate cancer patients and forty controls provided midstream urine samples. The urine samples were grown on suitable medium, and bacterial isolates were detected by standard microbiological methods. Additionally, the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the bacterial isolates was analysed. A total of number of 72 bacterial isolates were obtained from the urine of study participants. The results showed the presence of Escherichia coli (50.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.1%), Klebsiella spp (15.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.3%), Enterobacter spp (4.2%), and Proteus mirabilis (2.8%) in the urine. The most common bacterial species isolated from prostate cancer patients was Escherichia coli, which was susceptible to levofloxacin (100%), tobramycin (91.7%), and amikacin (62.5%). Conclusions This study’s findings established the presence of bacteria previously linked to prostatitis. This report indicates a high prevalence of pro-inflammatory bacteria and uropathogens in the urinary tract of men diagnosed with prostate cancer
Heavy metal and genetic diversity studies in three populations of Snail (Achatina achatina Linnaeus, 1758) from Southwest, Nigeria
(Brazilian Journal of Biology,, 2024-07) Ayanda, Opeyemi I.; Popoola, J. O.; Inyanga, S.
Environmental pollutants may often alter the genetic components of natural populations. In this study, heavy metals and genetic diversity in land snail (Achatina achatina) from three populations of south-western Nigeria were investigated, using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and DNA Sequencing technology respectively. Metal analysis revealed that the snails accumulated lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in high concentrations in two of the three states, while cadmium (Cd) was the least detected. Editing and alignment of the sequences of all snail accessions generated a range of 384bp to 419 bp. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) in all 18 accessions was low at only 16%. The query coverage (QC) ranged between 96% and 100%, with 14 (77.8%) of the 18 accessions showing 100% identity. Pairwise comparison of the accessions studied also showed a high genetic similarity. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) generated two main clusters. Cluster I was unique and contain one sample (AaOy06) while the other cluster are very closely related and can be further subdivided into sub-clusters. The similarity index of between the clusters is 0.5357. The close similarity among the accessions may be due to the geographical proximity of the three states. The uniqueness of accession AaOy06 in comparison to other accessions might be due to the negative influence of heavy metal, particularly lead. The determination of evolutionary relationships among snail populations may be useful towards the breeding efforts of the species in Nigeria
Relevance of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
(WILEY Online Library, 2024-10) Adetutu, Bello Oluwakemi; Buba, Adamu Binta; Akinhanmi, Fadekemi O.; Gana, Mordecai; Utazi, Ezugwu Basil; Oyewole, Oluwafemi Adebayo; Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun; Eniola, K. I. T.; Yerima, Mohammed Bello
Nanotechnology is becoming recognized as a potent instrument capable of transforming the agricultural sector, as nanomaterials designed within the 1–100 nm scale exhibit distinctive characteristics that have the potential to augment diverse facets of food cultivation. The chapter presents various applications, such as the utilization of nanoparticle seed coatings to enhance germination and plant health, the development of nanosized smart delivery systems for precise nutrient and pesticide release, the implementation of nanocomposite greenhouse materials to augment productivity, the utilization of nanotechnology for water treatment and conservation, and the application of nanotech in food processing and storage solutions. The benefits of utilizing nanoparticles in various applications can be exemplified by specific instances such as the use of silicon nanoparticles for pesticide delivery, nanobiosensors for quality monitoring, and magnetic nanoparticles for soil remediation. Nevertheless, the potential health and environmental hazards linked to nanoparticles are also a subject of discussion, underscoring the imperative for thorough safety evaluation. The chapter presents a persuasive argument regarding the potential of nanotechnology to enhance agricultural practices, augment global production, and enhance food quality and safety in order to address the global food security challenges, provided that it is managed with caution.
Recent Advancement Toward the Application of Proteomics, Metabolomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics for the Improvement of Nanofertilizer Research
(2024-11-07) Oyewole, Oluwafemi Adebayo; Olusanya, Clement Shina; Yakubu, Japhet Gaius; Aworunse, Oluwadurotimi Samuel; Utazi, Ezugwu, Basil; Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun; Eniola, K. I. T.; Yerima, Mohammed Bello
The usage of chemical fertilizers is upsetting the ecology in addition to harming human health. Biofertilizers promote plant development by boosting the delivery of nutrients or compounds that promote plant growth. Growing in popularity in the agriculture sector of developing nations is a novel strategy called nanotechnology. Plants exposed to adverse environments respond to nanoparticle stimuli by activating a variety of defense mechanisms. Biofertilizer and nanotechnology were combined to create nanobiofertilizer, which increased agricultural output and efficiency. These fertilizers offer a number of benefits over conventional fertilization techniques and can be utilized to increase agricultural output while minimizing the harmful impacts of fertilizer on the environment. The maintenance of soil moisture and plant uptake of vital nutrients are made easier by the synergistic action of nanomaterial and microbial fertilizer. Additionally, bionanofertilizers are a lowcost solution to boost soil health, plant nutrient uptake, and growth and production. A new area of research into the production of inorganic and organic bionanoparticles as environmental fertilizers has been launched through the use of bacteria, algae, yeast, fungi, actinomycetes, and plants to biosynthesize nanomaterials. The microbes used as biological fertilizers include Azotobacter, Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, and Enterobacter sp. In order for these nanobiofertilizers to be produced commercially and made available to farmers, it is necessary to research and develop more suitable ones. Nanobiofertilizer is still not widely available for purchase. And the application of proteomics, metabolomics and genomics and bioinformatics in nanobiofertilizer research can provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying plant microbe interaction, nutrient delivery, and crop growth promotion. This knowledge can be exploited to optimize the composition and functionality of nanobiofertilizers, resulting in nutrient use efficiency, improved crop productivity, and environmental sustainability.
Inhibitors of Protein Targets of Plasmodium falciparum
(Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2024-11-24) Oranusi, Solomon Uche; Mameh, Emmanuel Ojochegbe; Oyegbade, Samuel Adeniyi; Balogun, Daniel Oluwatobiloba; Aririguzoh, Victoria-Grace Onyekachi
The World Health Organization documented 247 million reported malaria cases worldwide resulting in 619,000 fatalities in 2021. More than 70% of these deaths are attributed to Children under five years of age and sub-Saharan Africa is the region in which the highest number of deaths occur. The Plasmodium falciparum parasite is the deadliest form of malaria, and treating falciparum infection is becoming more challenging due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites, causing a decrease in the efficiency of antimalarial medications. Artemisinin combination therapy is now considered the gold standard for malaria treatment; however, this method is at risk due to parasites exhibiting delayed clearance to artemisinin and resistance to partner drugs such as lumefantrine, amodiaquine, mefloquine, piperaquine, and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. This review assessed drug targets in Plasmodium falciparum for the development of novel antimalarials. Over Eighty-five papers on malaria, Plasmodium falciparum protein targets, and protein inhibitors were gathered from Google Scholar, ProQuest, PubMed, and Science Direct, between 2012 and 2023. Only articles with comparable keywords on malaria drug targets concentrating on enzyme proteins, carrier molecules present in Plasmodium falciparum, and their inhibitors were retrieved for review, while articles within that range that did not provide definite data were excluded. Most recently, inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), artefenomel (OZ439), and ferroquine have been reported and are being explored in combination with other partner medications to work against different stages of plasmodium parasite. In identifying target proteins for drug development, essentiality and vulnerability throughout the life cycle of the parasite, its druggability, and the availability of target-based assays are critical factors. The use of modern proteomics and cellular proteins from database search which assists in parasite proliferation delivers optimal information on the new generation of lead compounds. In addition, advances in in silico methods enable the identification of protein targets for drug development.
Assessment of knowledge and practices towards the diagnosis of arboviral infections amongst healthcare workers in Lagos State and the Federal Capital Territory: a cross-sectional study
(Pan African Medical Journal, 2024-12-17) Ipadeola, A. F.; Akinnola, Olayemi O.; Kolawole, Olatunji Matthew; Isere, Elvis Efe; Attah, Timothy Adejoh; Omenyi, Lazarus Onyema; Oladokun, Odunola Dorcas; Oyewunmi, Kafayat Olabisi; Ekun, Oyeronke Olufemi; Oparaocha, Stellamaris Uche; Obazee, Dorcas Yetunde; Ndaks, Comfort; Ewa, Egwu Emmanuel; Olasehinde, Grace Iyabo
Biosynthesized and natural chitosan-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications
(Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, 2025) Ahuekwe, E. F.; Akinhanmi, Fadekemi O.; Akinyemi, O D.; Taiwo, O. S.; Popoola, T. S.; George, D. S.; Aladele, A. K.; Azeta, J.; Oniha, M. I.
Chitin and chitosans, derived from diverse natural sources, are polysaccharides that have numerous uses in the food, biomedicine, water treatment, and pharmaceutical industries. As a result, the USD 6.8 billion chitosan market saw significant expansion in 2019. Their complex biological characteristics and therapeutic potential are methodically examined in this review, which also highlights their noteworthy antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiinflammatory effects. Even with these praiseworthy qualities, regulatory bodies place restrictions on their recognition as medicinal products. Chitosan is also the best option for creating nanoparticles due to its qualities including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and positive surface charge. The exploration of natural sources highlights extraction strategies and reveals source-specific procedures using a variety of spectroscopic and microscopy techniques. Chitosan-based nanoparticles (ChNPs) are particularly effective in the field of biomedical applications; they work well in tissue engineering, gene therapy, and medication delivery. Their adaptability encompasses a range of aspects, such as the delivery of drugs, antibiotics, polyphenols, vaccines, and gene therapy. A thorough examination of the toxicity and biocompatibility of ChNPs is provided in this review, highlighting the effects of deacetylation degree, structural characteristics, molecular weight, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake. A close examination is given to the factors impeding the application of biomedicine, highlighting the critical need for regulatory frameworks. While chitosan’s symphony of applications reverberates throughout a multitude of biomedical fields, continued research and development endeavors are essential for revolutionizing uses and guaranteeing their prudent integration into a variety of sectors
Chitosan-based nanoformulation of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles
(Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, 2025) Ahuekwe, E. F.; Aworunse, O. S.; Akinpelu, Sharon O.; Adekeye, B. T.; Abimbola, S.; Akinyemi, O. D.; Aladele, A. K.; Oyesile, O.; Ayomide, A. F.; Oniha, M. I.; Emelike, C. U.
Chitosans are biopolymers of chitin with remarkable properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antibacterial activity. Chitosanbased nanoparticles are useful vehicles for drug delivery in biomedicine, as they improve precision and reduce side effects in the administration of proteins and peptides, antibiotics, gene therapy, and cancer treatment. Furthermore, chitosan formulations improve the CT and magnetic resonance imaging scans’ sensitivity and precision, which makes tumor identification and diagnosis easier. The regenerative qualities of chitosan are useful in bone tissue engineering, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. Chitosan’s function in nanocatalysis is highlighted by its sustainability and environmental applications. It serves as a long-lasting support for metal catalysts such as gold and palladium, enabling environmentally friendly catalytic applications in a variety of sectors. Chitosan’s antibacterial effectiveness contributes to wastewater treatment, enhancing environmental sustainability. Chitosan-coated seeds and plant protection solutions enhance plant germination, promote plant growth, and provide a sustainable substitute for traditional pesticides in agriculture. Obstacles and prospects refinement of chitosan derivatives and nanoparticles are required to improve safety and lessen toxicity concerns. Sustainable and cost-effective synthesis techniques are essential for mass manufacturing and market penetration. Literature advises more research to fully maximize chitosan benefits in a variety of industries, such as food packaging, cosmetics, and sophisticated materials. Overall, the adaptability of chitosan nanoparticles underscores its potential for an array of industrial applications, healthcare, and environmental protection, leading to industrial transformations that support a sustainable future.
Characterisation of pristine and KOH-modified rice husk biochars for efficient heavy metal removal in wastewater treatment
(Scientific African, 2025) Ahuekwe, E. F.; Abimbola, Bowofoluwa S.; Agwamba, Ernest C.; Durodola, Bamidele
Biochar-based technology is emerging as a low-cost adsorbent in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment, given its large surface area and highly porous structure. Rice husk presents a significant waste problem as it constitutes disposal challenges and is barely useful for other purposes. In this study, rice husks (RH) from locally grown rice cultivars were obtained from two rice mills in Nigeria and pyrolysed to biochar at 400 and 500 ◦C before chemical modification using 2 M KOH. The adsorption capacities (Qe) of the pristine RH biochar pyrolysed at 400 ◦C for Zn2+ and Pb2+, following synthetic wastewater treatment, were 462.5 and 142.8 mg/g, and at 500 ◦C, 1047.5 and 275.5 mg/g, respectively. KOH-modified biochar outperformed its pristine counterparts, as the recorded Qe for Zn2+ on the KOH-modified RH1 pyrolysed at 400 ◦C (KRH1_400B) showed 1547.75 mg/g, and 1534.25 mg/g at 500 ◦C (KRH1_500B), respectively, with a 98 % Zn2+ removal efficiency. For Pb2+, all KOH-modified biochars for RH1 and RH2 showed a 100 % removal efficiency and maximum Qe of 275.5 mg/g. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed increased poration of 200 μm sized pores, densely distributed across the rough surface of the KOH-modified biochar. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy showed varying carbon and silicon compositions of the RH1 and KRH1_400B. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy corroborated structural disparities in SEM, as compositional differences in the observed functional groups were identified in the chemically modified biochar. These include hydroxyl (3354 cm-1) and silicate ion (1017.6 cm-1) which enhance sorption capacity. X-ray Fluorescence revealed an increase in MgO, K2O, and Al2O3 upon KOH modification attributable to the improved heavy metal adsorption efficiency. These results highlight the impact of pyrolysis temperature, physicochemical properties of biomass and chemical modification on heavy metal removal efficiency of biochar for sustainable environmental remediation.
Knockdown Resistance Mutations and Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles Mosquitoes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
(Journal of Science and Technology, Research Vol. 7,, 2025) Ahuekwe, E. F.; Taiwo, Damilare Isaiah
Resistance to pyrethroids is conferred in voltagegated sodium channels through the mechanism of kdr mutation, which also decreases the insecticides' binding affinity to their targets, making them less effective. These mutations affect the efficacy of indoor residual spraying (IRS), which are encoded in the VGSC gene, including the effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (ITNS). This study represents the first meta-analysis to evaluate the resistance impact of L1014F and L1014S mutations in Anopheles mosquitoes within sub-Saharan Africa. Eight studies that meet with the inclusion criteria were analyzed, encompassing 4,690 mosquito samples. Due to substantial between-study heterogeneity, random effects (R.E) models were applied. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for L1014F (L vs F) was 2.14(95% CI: 1.17-2.93), and for L1014S (S vs F), it was 0.899 (95% CI: 0.297- 1.293), indicating a significant association with resistance. Sensitivity analysis revealed that excluding a study with high variability decreased the ORs, showing the influence of publication bias and small sample size. Funnel plot asymmetry and Egger’s test confirmed the presence of publication bias, affecting effect estimates. Due to high heterogeneity and limited studies, the observed resistance effects of L1014F and L1014S mutations are inconclusive. In addition, validating the relevance of these genotype alleles in insecticide resistance and malaria control initiatives in endemic regions requires extensive research
Impact of Industrialization on the Environment: Water Quality Index of Pharmaceutical Effluent Discharged in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
(IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2025) Nwinyi, Obinna Chukwuemeka; Kayode-Afolayan, S. D.; Ahuekwe, E. F.; Oziegbe, O.; Omonhinmin, Conrad A.
There has been an upsurge in the recalcitrance and bioaccumulation of some deterimental pharmaceutical by-products and heavy metals in the aquatic ecosystem. This study determined the water quality index (WQI) of a pharmaceutical effluent discharged in Ota. The physicochemical parameters of the effluent were carried out using turbidimetric (NTU), nephelometric (mg/L), titrimetric (mg/L), conductivity (uS/cm) and spectrophotometric (nm) methods. The parameters assayed include pH, turbidity, conductivity, and temperature. Others include the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biogenic/organic constituents and heavy metals. The physicochemical results obtained were compared with the World Health Organization and United States Environmental Protection Agency standards. These include 4.76±0.07 pH; 1.9±1.00 DO (mg/L) 12.0±1.10 chloride; 3.0±0.03 sulphates; 8.96±0.90 nitrates; 3.21±0.06 phosphates; 29 ±1.12 BOD and 339±2.10 COD. The distribution of heavy metals is in the following order: Zn > Cu > As> Ni> Pb > Cd > Hg. All the results obtained were within acceptable limits of the USEPA and WHO standards. The estimation of the overall quality of the wastewater gave a WQI of 32.54 which suggests a good water quality that is re-usable for irrigation an