Department of Biological Sciences

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    Impact of multi-active ingredient long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria vector control in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    (Discover Public Health 23(1), 2026) Ahuekwe, E. F.; Taiwo, D. I.
    Strong selective pressures on mosquitoes arise from an over-reliance on a narrow range of insecticides and the continuous increase in insecticide resistance. This increased resistance weakens the effectiveness of conventional single-ingredient vector control interventions, thus undermining the efforts to reduce malaria transmission. This study aimed to assess the comparative efficacy of multi-active ingredients interventions, which include pyrethroid combinations with pyriproxyfen, chlorfenapyr, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), versus single-active ingredients approaches in reducing malaria prevalence and key entomological outcomes in malaria-endemic regions. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were selected based on specific inclusion criteria, including randomised controlled trials conducted in sub-Saharan Africa and interventions focused on multi-active ingredient (MAI) approaches. Data on malaria prevalence, vector density, sporozoite rate, and entomological inoculation rate (EIR) were extracted. Random- and fixed-effects models were applied to evaluate the pooled effects, and heterogeneity was assessed using a diagnostic plot. Publication bias was examined using funnel and forest plots. Four studies met the inclusion criteria, which comprise a total of 135,706 households for pyrethroid-only ITNs, 117,652 for pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen, 118,518 for pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr, and 63,331 for pyrethroid-PBO interventions. Chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid combinations showed the most substantial reduction in malaria prevalence (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.53; 95% CI: 0.30–0.67) and entomological inoculation rate (aOR 0.13; 95% CI: 0.07–0.31). Although pyriproxyfen and PBO combinations also reduced vector density and sporozoite rates, chlorfenapyr exhibited the highest efficacy, especially in regions with established pyrethroid resistance. Publication bias was observed, resulting in a slight overestimation of the effectiveness of MAI-LLINs interventions. MAI-LLINs approaches, particularly chlorfenapyr-pyrethroid interventions, have demonstrated superior effectiveness compared to single-active-ingredient (SAI) LLIN interventions in reducing malaria transmission metrics in sub-Saharan Africa. While the results underline the potential of MAI-LLINs strategies, further research and collaborative studies are needed to optimise MAI-LLINs deployment, assess long-term impacts on resistance, and ensure cost-effectiveness in resource-limited settings.
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    Permethrin resistance of Anopheles mosquito species across diverse habitats in rural and urban areas of Ogun and Oyo States, Nigeria
    (The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 2026) Oluwaseyi, Temitope Ayinde; Adeogun, Adedapo Olufemi; Orabueze, Ibuchukwu Nkeonyenasoya; Adediran, Adewale Daniel; Oranusi, Solomon Uche
    Background Various habitats have been shown to support the breeding of mosquitoes in both urban and rural settings, which has led to an increase in the population of these pathogen-transmitting vectors. Urbanisation has emerged as a key driver of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes primarily due to the increased use of insecticides, which exert selective pressure on the mosquito population leading to the development of resistance. The rise of insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes, the primary malaria vector, threatens malaria control in Nigeria. Methods This study characterised various Mosquito breeding sites across rural and urban habitats in Ogun and Oyo States, Nigeria, and identified the diversity of Anopheles mosquitoes using morphological keys and PCR techniques. The resistance profile of Anopheles mosquitoes to permethrin was determined using the WHO standard insecticide bioassay. Results Six habitat types were identified among the 120 habitats sampled, with puddles being the most frequently occurring breeding site. Two members of the Anopheles gambiae family were identified as malaria vectors. High knockdown rates (KDT50 & KDT90) were observed in four rural and four urban LGAs in Ogun state and one urban LGA in Oyo state, indicating resistance to permethrin. In contrast, mosquitoes in Akinyele and Ibadan North LGAs were susceptible to permethrin, while those in Oyo East LGA exhibited reduced susceptibility. Conclusion These findings are crucial for understanding the dynamics of insecticide resistance in developing regions and can inform the development of specific targeted vector control strategies aimed at strengthening malaria control programs in Nigeria.