College of Leadership and Development Studies

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    Visa-on-arrival, ECOWAS-free Mobility and the Securitisation of the Intra- African Migration in Nigeria
    (India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs Impact Factor:, 2024-08) Omotuyi Sunday; Apeloko O. D.; Bello Moruf Ayodele; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina
    Over the years, Nigeria’s regional hegemonic leadership in (West) Africa, especially within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) region, has been debated within academic and foreign relations circles. A major component of this regional leadership aspiration was its quest for a ‘borderless Africa’. As an important arrowhead of its pro-African foreign policy, the Nigerian government proactively crafted a benign national border policy to give practical expression to the free mobility of persons and goods within the West African subregion. Despite a demonstrable commitment to free mobility within Africa over the years, Abuja suddenly imposed a restrictive border policy shortly after it signed the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement and approved the contentious visa-on-arrival for African migrants. Considering this context, this study makes three arguments: First, it interrogates the rationale behind the liberal border diplomacy of the Nigerian government. Secondly, the paper contends that the inability to ‘silence the guns’ in Africa despite all efforts has seriously militated against the aspiration for intra-African mobility and borderless Community in West Africa. Lastly, the study examines the dire implications of Nigerian nationalistic border diplomacy and its declining soft power for the future of ‘borderless West Africa’.
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    Violent Contestation of Power and Political Turbulence in Sudan: A Reflective Assessment of Generals Burhan and Hemedti Simmering Feud
    (Journal of Somali Studies : Research on Somalia and the Greater Horn of African CountriesVol. 11, No. 3, 2024-12) Okafor Celestine Ogechukwu; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Ngoka Ruth Obioma; Elumelu Chiazor Simeon; Gberevbie Daniel E.; Ezebuilo Paul Chibuike
    This study explores the complex power dynamics and political volatility that have defined Sudan's history by examining the simmering feud between Generals Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hamdan Dagalo Hemedti. Thus, the study also reveals the fundamental structural elements causing political instability in Sudan's landscape that threaten the national democratic transition. The study relied on content analysis and a documentary approach; data were collected through secondary sources, and Marxist conflict theory was employed. The paper argued that the feud is a struggle for power exercise in the state and a quest to control the security architecture. Findings reveal that owing to the violent contest for power and persistent political turbulence in Sudan, the country's transition to democratic governance appears to be a mirage since diverse armed groups have resisted giving up their respective groups' interests for the national interest. The paper recommends that negotiations and dialogue are primarily needed to protect Sudan's territorial integrity and save it from state failure and disintegration. The policy implication of this study is that the study outcome provides a current and informative addition to our knowledge of power struggles and political upheaval in Africa by examining the ramifications of this dispute for achieving positive peace in regional and global affairs.
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    The Judgment of Climate Change on Food Availability in Nigeria
    (the rest: journal of politics and development vol 14(1), 2024) Apeloko O. D.; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Olu-Owolabi Fadeke Esther; Ezennia Samuel
    Climate change is a global phenomenon that has significant implications for food security, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. This study is set to explore the nature of the relationship between climate change and food security and the various ways to address the impact of climate change on food availability in Ogun State, Nigeria. Relying on the green theory, this study investigated climate change's impact on the agricultural sector, compromising food security in Ogun State, Nigeria. This study's qualitative data collection methods include primary and secondary data sources. This study adopted the exploratory research design. Interviews were used to gather primary data, and existing literature was used to collate secondary data. This work covered the staff of the Ministry of Agriculture in the selected state, lecturers in the Department of Economics, Covenant University, and the faculty of agriculture at Obafemi Awolowo University. The thematic content analysis was adopted in analyzing the data in this study. The findings from the data revealed that there is a clear relationship between climate change and food security. It also revealed that climate change has a negative impact on food availability in Ogun State, Nigeria. In addition, strategies and policies put in place to address the issues of climate change and food security were discussed. It was concluded that climate change has affected Ogun State's food security between 2019 and 2023.
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    The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Resurgence of Military Coups in West Africa
    (Journal of African Union StudiesVol. 13, No. 2, 2024-08-01) Akinyemi Opeyemi; Apeloko O. D.; Osimen Goddy U.; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina
    The military is designed to protect the polity, but national occurrences have motivated the same to take over political power via a coup to change the government. This study is set to explore the causes of military incursions in West Africa. The study is also to unravel the challenges that the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has faced in the wake of military incursion into politics. Hence, many international organisations and individuals have resolved that the military must accept the authority of civilian rule. In other words, they may be responsible for carrying out a policy decision they disagree with. The rightness or wrongness of a policy or decision can be ambiguous. Civilian decision-makers may be impervious to corrective information. In practice, the relationship between civilian authorities and military leaders must be worked out. The qualitative method of data collection was adopted for this study. Content analysis is adopted in the analysis of this work. The theory of civil-military relations is chosen for the underpinnings of this study. The findings revealed that different countries in ECOWAS states have experienced military incursions whose causes are multifaceted. The causes range from historical government handling of conflicts to acts of impunity, among others. This situation has strained the relationships between member states in their political and socioeconomic engagements. The study therefore concludes that military incursion in politics in West Africa have caused setbacks for ECOWAS in their bid to achieve democracy, integration, and socioeconomic and sustainable development. It is then recommended that democratic institutions should be strengthened, which will help to address the root causes of instability. The leaders of member states should also be held accountable for upholding democratic principles. This study will help policymakers in the West African region foster democratic principles.
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    Social Media Application within Organisational Productivity in a Democratic Setting: Evidence from the Public Sector in Nigeria
    (Journal of African Films & Diaspora Studies Vol. 7, No. 2, 2024-06-01) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Bello Moruf Ayodele; Apeloko O. D.; Olawunmi Kunle
    In a democratic setting, the participation of people within an organisation is enlarged by the application of social media. This application has become necessary since it strengthens organisations and members’ participation and communication toward productivity and development. This study is to unravel how organisational productivity is being affected by social media in a democratic setting. The study also investigates various challenges that may face the application of social media within organisations. The qualitative method of study is adopted in the analysis of this study. It involves the use of primary and secondary sources obtained from books and journals, newspapers, and internet sources. An in-depth interview was also conducted with key informants who knew the subject matter. The paper concludes that social media plays a significant role in organisational productivity in a democratic setting, despite some challenges such as misinformation, and misinterpretation in the organisational arena. To ensure democracy's success, organisations should implement close monitoring of social media and the protection of people's rights.
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    The 2019 General Elections, Digital Technology and the Democratization Process in Nigeria
    (Gender and Behaviour Vol. 21, No. 1, 2023-04) Ojakorotu Victor; Erameh Nicholas Idris; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina
    Electoral malpractices and election violence have remained contentious issues in the democratization process in Africa. Though several measures have been put in place to address this problem, elections have contributed negatively to the democratization in Africa and particularly in Nigeria. The introduction of technology in the electoral process in Nigeria, was part of the innovative ideas to bring credibility and transparency to elections. While this move was a promising and commendable idea, its outcome has created mixed feeling among Nigerians. Relying on secondary sources, this study attempts to interrogate the trends, dynamics, outcomes, and challenges of using technology in elections in Nigeria with emphasis on the 2019 general elections. It argues that while the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has continued to demonstrate institutional capacity toward supporting technological reforms in election administration, there are other countless institutional malaises that have made technological innovation in electoral administration ineffective. This underscores the need for deeper institutional reforms and increased political education and socialization of the voting population by the INEC, political parties, and other relevant stakeholders. Also, the need to improve the technological lapses witnessed in previous elections and strive to institutionalize the process via sophisticated legal and institutional provisions is sacrosanct.
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    Military Deployment and Election Conduct in Nigeria
    (Home African RenaissanceVol. 21, No. 3, 2024-09) Aliyu Musilimu Kolawole; Bello Moruf Ayodele; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Ezebuilo Paul Chibuike
    The way elections were conducted in Nigeria before the return of civil government on May 29, 1999, was a civil affair. The country's custom of involving the military in political processes began with the June 21, 2014, Ekiti State gubernatorial election, held under former President Goodluck Jonathan. This study uses secondary data to give an overview of the present argument in light of the controversy the topic has produced. The study also interrogates the circumstances that led to the deployment of the armed forces in the conduct of elections in the country and finds out the propriety or otherwise of the action under a democratic rule considering the constitutional roles of the military. The study equally discusses the expected professional conduct of the military in the electoral processes and the handling of security matters between the Election Management Body and security agents, and finally discusses the conduct of soldiers and matters arising concerning the 2027 general elections. These were prepared to prepare the military to actively participate professionally in the next elections in Nigeria.
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    Impacts of Cyber Crimes on the Image of Nigeria in the International Community: A Case of the Perceptions of Ghanaians
    (Journal of African Films & Diaspora StudiesVol. 7, No. 4, 2024-12-01) Apeloko O. D.; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Atobatele Abolaji; Chiamaka Chidiebere Sussan
    The study examined cybercrime and the image of Nigeria in the international community, especially the perception of Ghanaians. Cybercrime is becoming rampant in the language of scholars and agencies in the international community, and this can affect the image of Nigeria and other international communities. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of cyber terrorism on the perception of Ghanaians on Nigeria’s image, investigate the impact of cyberbullying on the perception of Ghanaians on Nigeria’s image, and examine the impact of spam on the perception of Ghanaians on Nigeria’s image. This research is necessary because of the realisation that if Nigeria does not pay attention to the growth of cybercriminal activities in the country, its image in the international community can be affected in areas of socio-economic relations, such as trading. The time frame for this research is from 2019 to 2022. The research design adopted for this research is inferential. The data obtained were analysed through theordinal regression in which the data analed were reflected in the research objectives. The findings of this study show that there is fairly a significant impact between cybercrime and the image of Nigeria. The study suggests that the government should work on tackling the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies to combat cybercrime and create an enabling environment for the business to thrive, as this will discourage most Nigerians from committing cybercrimes.
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    Freeing the Future from the Past: Redefining Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy in a World of “Unequals”
    (2022) Ayegbusi Clemson; Folarin Oluwafunke; Udoh Oluwakemi D.; Folarin Sheriff F.
    Soft power may be “soft” in appearance, but it is real power- and power is generally defined as the ability to compel obedience. Cultural diplomacy may thus be a means to that end: a dynamic of soft power, which tries to “beautify” the application of power by stronger states in their interaction with less powerful ones. To this end, cultural exchanges, educational and scientific aids, exchange of cultural attachés, creation of consular units, etc.,, may be ways by which nations are given false sense of equality and importance, whereas the real intentions are to push the limits of power by stronger states. This paper identifies and examines the hidden dynamics of soft power, focusing on the most effective of such cultural diplomacy. Identifying national interest as the motive behind the instrument of cultural diplomacy, the paper argues that cultural diplomacy is indeed effective in peaceful inter-state relations but the motive should not be to dominate other people or nations and that the old uses of cultural diplomacy by the superpowers for subtle domination, should give way to fostering of mutual trust, global peace and security.
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    Deradicalisation of Boko Haram Insurgents and Bandits: A Soft-power Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa
    (African Renaissance Vol. 2023, No. si1, 2023-10-01) Aluko Abayomi J.; Apeloko O. D.; Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Paimo Oluwatunmise T.
    Insecurity has made the state government unproductive, aggressive, and unable to protect its citizens and territory. Insurgency activities like Boko Haram and banditry are common in the sub-Saharan region, particularly in Nigeria, Lake Chad, Cameroon, and the Niger Republic. The perpetrators of these numerous crises have notably targeted victims and state institutions in northern Nigeria. These incessant attacks have stimulated a deradicalization response; however, despite the deradicalization measures to end the Boko Haram insurgency and banditry, the attacks still continue unabated. It raises concerns about the effectiveness of the deradicalization strategy against insurgencies. This brings to the fore the importance of soft power deradicalization strategies such as pardoning, socio-economic empowerment, and re-integration of insurgents and bandits into society. Although the soft-power deradicalization initiative often draws attention and commendation, it also raises doubts about sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on the theory of deradicalization and the systematic qualitative method, this article examines a soft-power deradicalization strategy against Boko Haram and banditry insurgencies in sub-Saharan Africa. The findings expand discussion on the dimensions of deradicalization strategy and its potential in promoting positive outcomes against insurgency in sub-Saharan Africa. It suggests the deployment of soft power as a deradicalization strategy to locally tackle insurgency in Sub-Saharan Africa.