College of Leadership and Development Studies

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Start date: 2018Has files: Yes

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    STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE AND POLICY OUTCOMES OF ENROLLED JUNIOR OFFICERS IN LAGOS STATE HEALTH INSURANCE SCHEME
    (Covenant University Ota, 2025-04) DELE-DADA MOYOSOLUWA PRISCILIA; Covenant University Thesis
    With the increasing recognition and importance of health for both human welfare and economic progress on a global scale, nations are progressively reinforcing their commitments and dedicating more resources toward initiatives aimed at enhancing healthcare outcomes and societal advancement. However, in Nigeria, significant barriers persist for citizens in accessing quality and affordable healthcare services, despite the presence of the National Health Insurance Scheme. Decentralisation of the scheme's operationalization to the states, aimed at expediting efforts toward universal coverage in healthcare has not effectively countered disparities in healthcare, especially in Lagos State. The operationalisation of the LSHIS seems to reinforce structural violence manifested in escalating out-of-pocket costs, insurance-type discrimination, poor healthcare provision, and favoritism to individuals capable of direct payment. The study thus investigated how structural violence has impacted on the policy outcomes of the LSHIS with an interest in junior officers on grade levels 01-07 in five sampled ministries across Lagos State. To achieve the stated objective, primary data were collected using questionnaire and interviews. Data gathered were analysed using frequency, percentage, and ordinal regression. The study adopted case study research design and employed vulnerability and equity theories as its theoretical framework of analysis. The study's findings indicated that denial of quality healthcare services has negatively impacted the policy outcomes of the scheme, leading to dissatisfaction, self- medication, and increased compensation claims, among other issues. This is due to unavailable resources, significant delays in claims processing by hospitals, and some illnesses not covered by insurance. Furthermore, the study revealed that inequity adversely affects the scheme's policy outcomes, resulting in a lack of trust, accessibility problems, and instances of substandard care. These issues stem from challenges in the reimbursement process, the nature of patients' illnesses, and resource availability. Additionally, the study found that discrimination negatively impacts the scheme's policy outcomes, causing delays in receiving timely care, hesitation in seeking medical attention, and a general sense of reluctance among enrollees. This persistence of discrimination is due to the extensive coverage and higher costs of private insurance compared to state- provided insurance. Finally, the study showed that continuous out-of-pocket payments have led patients to forgo necessary care and not adhere to recommended treatment plans. This is because the current scope of the scheme focuses on common illnesses, and there is a lack of certain medicines in hospital inventories. The study, therefore, recommended expanding the coverage of the health insurance scheme to include a wider range of medical conditions to meet all essential healthcare needs. Also, there should be a feedback mechanism to allow patients to report any bad performance by the healthcare providers. The study concluded that implementing incentive programmes, such as performance- based bonuses and flexible working hours, for healthcare providers within the scheme will enhance quality service delivery, adherence to standards, and patient satisfaction.
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    External Intervention in the Ethiopia- Tigray Conflict and Its Implications on Conflict Resolution and Political Stability
    (Vol. 4 No. 3-4 (2024): JCEEAS, 2024) EZUGWU Olileanya Amuche; Duruji M. M.
    The Ethiopia-Tigray conflict unleashed devastating consequences on the Horn of Africa sub-region, entailing widespread humanitarian suffering and security concerns. Through a comprehensive analysis of historical, political, and socio-economic factors, this paper investigates the impact of external intervention on either exacerbating or resolving the conflict. Drawing on primary and secondary sources, including interviews, scholarly articles, and reports, this paper examines the various forms of external intervention employed during the course of the Tigray conflict. By critically assessing the effectiveness and limitations of these interventions, we provide valuable insights into their role in shaping the trajectory of the conflict. Based on the findings, this paper concludes that external intervention in the Tigray conflict has had mixed results. While certain interventions have contributed to de-escalation and the provision of humanitarian assistance, others have inadvertently fuelled tensions and perpetuated the conflict. In light of these findings, this paper recommends prioritising diplomatic efforts that include dialogue and negotiation processes, taking into account the legitimate concerns and grievances of all parties involved.
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    COVID-19 and Digital Transformation in Nigeria's Higher Education System: Gendered Discourses
    (African Women in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 2024) Duruji M. M.; Akpabio Edidiong Samuel; Okoro Efehi Raymond
    It is common knowledge that the coronavirus pandemic transformed the global system. This alteration occasioned by the pandemic, commonly referred to as the new normal, led to the deployment of instrumentalities by man to aid survival amid the disruptions. One segment that was seriously impacted and had to bear the brunt of mandatory lockdowns was the higher education sector in Nigeria, which was not at its optimum before the onset of the pandemic. Another reason this sector suffered this crisis was mainly due to her almost total reliance on in-person learning rather than hybrid or online systems as practiced in most developed climes. Amid this health turbulence, some higher educational institutions noticed an improved digitalization as they feared the long-term impacts of the prolonged shutdown on their academic calendar and students' cognition. Hence, they developed systems that aided them in teaching students from home. This chapter x-rayed the diverse impacts of the COVID-19 interruption on higher educational institutions in Nigeria and her students from a gender dimension while assessing the effects of digitalization embraced by these groups as a way of displaying resilience against the strange situation. Investigation revealed that the COVID-19 situation dealt a terrible blow to higher education students in Nigeria, especially to the female gender, but was salvaged to a very significant extent through e-teaching and learning. The chapter recommends that these institutions intensify efforts in consolidating ICT as it is the way to go and can save this vital sector from collapse if faced with disruptions. The chapter was qualitatively driven and utilizes secondary data from book chapters, journal articles, conference papers, policy briefs, and monographs, among others, to evaluate the itemized issues and actualize its objectives.
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    Climate Change-Induced Migration and Farmers-Herders Conflict in Nigeria
    (Global Challenges for the Environment and Climate Change, 2024) Duruji M. M.; Bella Faith
    Climate change-induced migration and the ensuing conflict between farmers and herders have become increasingly prevalent in Nigeria, posing significant challenges to rural livelihoods and national stability. This paper explores the intricate relationship between climate change, migration patterns, and the escalation of tensions between farming and herding communities. Drawing on empirical evidence and scholarly research, it examines the drivers behind these phenomena, including environmental degradation, resource scarcity, and socioeconomic disparities. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the socio-political implications of such conflicts, highlighting their impacts on food security, displacement, and communal harmony. Policy recommendations are proposed to address the complex interplay of factors contributing to this issue, aiming to foster sustainable adaptation strategies, mitigate conflict risks, and promote resilience among affected communities.
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    An Examination of the Oputa Panel as the Vehicle for Victim-centred Justice in Nigeria
    (African Renaissance Vol. 2022, No. si1, 2022-04-01) Ifaloye Oluwatosin R.; Folarin Sheriff F.; Duruji M. M.
    Truth Commissions seek to address issues of human rights violations that occurred during conflict or political violence. The Human Rights Investigation Commission (Oputa Panel) led the transitional justice process in Nigeria after it had transitioned from military rule to democratic rule in 1999. Like other Commissions of its kind, it expressed claims that the truth-seeking process would benefit the victims of human rights violations. This study examined the Commission and its contribution towards meeting the needs of those most affected by human rights violations during military rule. The study sought to evaluate the success or otherwise of this Commission's operations by focusing on the extent to which victims benefitted from the process. The case study research design was adopted, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were used to elicit responses from relevant stakeholders among the population of the study. The study is qualitative in nature and data gathered were analysed textually and arranged, using themes relevant to the subject matter. This study found that the Oputa Panel was not an effective instrument of victim-centred justice primarily because the reliefs victims received were largely limited. The participation of victims in the process did not translate into compensation or other forms of empowerment for victims. The study recommended that there must be a demonstration of the political will to implement the recommendations of truth commissions established in Africa. The victim-centred approach investigated here offers useful insights into the challenges faced by victims of human rights violations experienced in post-military regimes in Africa.
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    Gender Social Norms Among Internal Migrant Communities in South-West Nigeria
    (Journal of Ecohumanism Volume: 3, No: 7, 2024) Silva Asagba Omolola; Duruji M. M.; Chidozie Felix C.; Osimen Goddy U.
    This study delves into the complex relationship between migration, gender social norms, and child marriage within internal migrant communities in Southwest Nigeria. Existing research has demonstrated that the dynamics of child marriage and migration are intricately interwoven and contingent upon specific contextual factors. This relationship is further nuanced by the dual pressures of conflict and forced displacement, which can exert both upward and downward influences on child marriage practices. Drawing from the prevalence of child marriage across multiple boards, specific normative factors were identified, such as a girl's chastity as a means to preserve family honour, a preference for male education and opportunities, the perception of girls as a financial burden leading to early marriage, and the societal view of girls primarily in roles as wives and mothers. These norms constrain girls' participation in decision-making processes and reinforce their subservient roles. The intersecting impact of these social norms on poverty and prolonged insecurity contributes to the perpetuation of child marriage. Insights from studies on legalities surrounding the permissible age for marriage underscore the significant sway of societal norms in determining marriage timing. These insights provide a foundation for the development of interventions and policies promoting gender equality and safeguarding the rights of individuals affected by child marriage. Despite a growing volume of research on child marriage, there remains a research gap within humanitarian contexts, particularly migration. This study seeks to address this gap by exploring the complex interplay between migration, gender, and social norms in shaping child marriage practices, specifically within the Nigerian context.
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    Leadership Deficit and the Monday Sit- at-Home in Southeast Region of Nigeria
    (Special Issue on Leadership and Development, 2025-03) Duruji M. M.; Ezebuilo Paul
    The Southeast region of Nigeria has been grappling with persistent socio-political challenges since the Fourth Republic dispensation started in 1999. However, one of the most enduring challenges is the enforcement of a "Monday sit-at-home" order, initially issued by the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) as a form of protest, but has taken a life of itself since the Federal Government of Nigeria rendered Mazi Nnamdi Kanu from Kenya and incarcerated him in Directorate of State Security dungeon in Abuja since August 2021. The phenomenon which has remained unresolved by the governments at both the region and at the centre has led to significant economic disruptions and heightened insecurity in the region. At the heart of this lingering challenge in the region, lies a critical leadership deficit, characterized by the inability of political and traditional leaders to effectively address the root causes of the unrest and provide sustainable solutions. This paper explored the multifaceted dimensions of the leadership vacuum in the Southeast and attributed the lingering crisis to such a gap. It examined how the phenomenon exacerbated the region's instability and the helplessness of the government to nip it in the bud. The paper analyzes the interplay between ineffective governance, lack of public trust, and the rise of non-state actors filled the leadership void. The paper used documented materials and textual review of the sit-at-home, policy responses, and community impacts, to explain the effect of leadership deficit in the region. The paper underscored the urgent need for robust leadership and strategic engagement of leadership with the people at the grassroot to restore normalcy and foster long-term peace and development that not only impacts positively on the region but in the country as a whole.
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    TIGRAY CONFLICT AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIA: ASSESSING GOVERNANCE, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS.
    (TIGRAY CONFLICT AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIA: ASSESSING GOVERNANCE, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS Vol. 5 Issue 2, 2023-12) EZUGWU Olileanya Amuche; Duruji M. M.
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    REGIONAL DYNAMICS AND CONFLICT SPILLOVER IN NORTH AFRICA: ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN MILITARY INTERVENTION IN
    (ZAMFARA JOURNAL OF POLITICES AND DEVELOPMENT VOL 4 /No 2, 2023) Ezugwu Olileanya Amuche; Benjamin Kehinde Tola; Duruji M. M.
    This study delves into the regional dynamics and conflict spillover in North Africa, with a primary focus on assessing the impact of foreign military intervention. The intricate interplay of political, economic, and security factors in this volatile region necessitates an in-depth analysis of how foreign military involvement shapes the dynamics of conflicts and their potential repercussions beyond national borders. This study adopts the theory of intervention, to understand the complexities of the regional dynamics and the impact of foreign military interventions in North Africa, particularly in Libya. By employing a comprehensive framework of qualitative methodology, this research aims to shed light on the multifaceted aspects of conflict spillover and its ramifications for regional stability and assess the consequences of foreign military intervention on state fragility, social cohesion, and governance structures within North African countries. The study considers various dimensions of the impact, including the exacerbation of existing grievances, the militarization of conflicts, the proliferation of arms, the fragmentation of societal cohesion, and the displacement of populations. It also explores how interventions have affected state institutions, governance structures, and social dynamics, ultimately influencing the stability of North African nations; particularly in Libya. Elucidating the interconnections between domestic conflicts and external military interventions, the study underscores the complex relationship between foreign military intervention, stability, and intrastate conflicts in North Africa, emphasising that these interventions significantly affected the political stability of North Africa; increasing intrastate conflicts and violence in the region. The study thus recommends the prioritisation of diplomatic and political solutions over military interventions, focusing on inclusive dialogue and conflict resolution mechanisms.
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    THE ROLE OF REFUGEE EDUCATION POLICY IN REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN WEST AFRICA
    (9th International Conference on Education & Education of Social Sciences 17-18 January 2022- Online, 2022-01) BETEK Chelsea M.; FOLARIN Sheriff F.; Duruji M. M.
    This study which interrogates the policy debates concerning refugee education, social cohesion and integration within the Economic Community of West African States, takes into consideration the role(s) which the education of refugees plays in regional development. International migration constitutes a complex phenomenon that has continued to grow in scope, complexity and importance, affecting several nations of the world, especially as it relates to specifically to human displacement and refugee issues. In West Africa, various strategies have been put in place with the aim of achieving a fully economically and politically integrated sub-region, even as conflicts, instability and terrorist insurgency have led to the displacement of persons within and across geographical boundaries. However, among the strategies to achieve the objective of regional integration and development, the education of refugees has not been given much consideration and this study reveals that an appropriate approach towards refugee education is important for increasing refugee self-reliance and fostering development. Through the extensive review of extant literature and analysis of relevant secondary data, the study finds that refugee education plays a very crucial role in social cohesion, and the adoption of an education policy that works will increase the self-reliance of refugees, facilitate integration in West Africa and ultimately see to the development of the sub-region in years to come.