Programme: International Relations

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    ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF NATIONAL CYBERSECURITY POLICY AND CITIZENS’ RIGHTS IN NIGERIA (2015-2024)
    (Covenant University Ota, 2025-08) WONOSIKOU, Mohadapwa Hunnoungu; Covenant University Dissertation
    Nigeria officially ventured into protecting its cyberspace in 2001 and has enacted its National Cybersecurity Policy and Strategy alongside legislative instruments such as the Cybercrimes Act 2015 and the National Data Protection Regulation 2019, to safeguard more than 103 million Internet users. Nonetheless, ongoing debates highlight that these measures may encroach upon fundamental freedoms, underscoring the complex task of balancing national security with individual rights. This study examined the implications of Nigeria’s National Cybersecurity Policy and Strategy and accompanying legislation on the digital rights of its citizens. Grounded in Buzan and Wæver’s Theory of Securitisation, this exploratory research employed a mixed-methods of data collection. A purposive and snowball sample of fifteen stakeholders, including journalists, activists, lawyers, and cybersecurity experts, participated in semi-structured interviews, complemented by document reviews of key policy texts. Thematic analysis was used to organise and categorise emergent themes systematically. Findings revealed that although the national cybersecurity policy and related laws were intended to strengthen data security, their implementation has expanded state surveillance capacities while eroding substantive privacy protections. Cybersecurity provisions have been instrumentalised to legitimise content removals and platform shutdowns, producing a chilling effect on public discourse. Furthermore, rather than explicit legal prohibitions, citizens primarily confront significant implementation gaps and infrastructural barriers that impede equitable Internet access. By presenting a comprehensive empirical study of Nigeria’s cybersecurity framework in a developing-country context, this research provided a unique insight into the security-privacy nexus and the operationalization of securitising discourse. In response, this study proposed, among other recommendations, harmonising policy with international human-rights standards; establishing a robust, independent oversight mechanism; and mandate transparency; and launching sustained digital-rights awareness. This study concluded that aligning Nigeria’s cybersecurity objectives with rigorous rights protections is essential to safeguarding national security while upholding the digital freedoms of all citizens.
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    LAWS OF WAR AND MILITARY ENGAGEMENTS: A STUDY OF INTERNAL SECURITY OPERATIONS IN NIGERIA
    (Covenant University Ota, 2025-08) FULANI, Oluwakemi Morola; Covenant University Dissertation
    This study investigates the influence of the Laws of War on the Nigerian military’s conduct in internal security operations between 2015 and 2024. The research addresses the critical problem of balancing international legal obligations with the complex realities of asymmetric warfare, where non-state actors often disregard established humanitarian norms. The main objective is to understand how these laws affect military operations and legitimacy in such contexts. Grounded in Just War Theory and Legal Realism, the central argument is that while the Laws of War are essential for civilian protection and military legitimacy, their rigid application poses significant operational constraints for state forces in contemporary internal conflicts. Employing a qualitative methodology, data were gathered through in-depth interviews with military officials, government representatives, and civilians, providing multi-perspective insights into the practical application and impact of these laws. The study’s findings reveal that International Humanitarian Law (IHL) principles, particularly distinction and proportionality, significantly shape military tactics, often leading to operational delays and limitations in weapon use. Challenges identified include inadequate IHL training, psychological strain on personnel, political interference, and resource scarcity. Despite these constraints, compliance with IHL was found to enhance civilian safety and foster improved civil-military relations. It is therefore recommended that legislators should avoid harsh criticism of the military for alleged humanitarian law violations without grasping the complexities of asymmetric warfare. In conclusion, the study confirms that the Laws of War significantly influence the operational functions of the Nigerian military,
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    IMPORT DEPENDENCY AND FOOD SECURITY IN NIGERIA (2015-2024)
    (Covenant University Ota, 2025-07) ALADE, James Opeoluwa; Covenant University Dissertation
    This study investigates Nigeria's escalating food security crisis, which stems from a heavy reliance on imported food despite the country's vast agricultural potential. Once agriculturally self-sufficient, Nigeria now grapples with challenges including internal conflicts, inflation, inadequate rural infrastructure, and external shocks like the Russia-Ukraine war. The objective is to identify the root causes of import dependency and its economic and social impacts while exploring viable policy interventions. Using a qualitative approach and guided by Dependency Theory, the research reviews relevant literature, government policies from 2015 to 2024, and socio-political dynamics influencing food access and affordability. Findings reveal that terrorism, farmer-herder conflicts, poor infrastructure, and inconsistent policy implementation have collectively reduced local food production and increased vulnerability to global supply chain disruptions. Inflation and currency depreciation further reduce purchasing power, pushing millions into hunger. Government interventions, such as the Anchor Borrowers' Programme and the Agricultural Promotion Policy, have had limited success due to poor enforcement, corruption, and lack of continuity. The study is significant for its potential to inform national policy, offering practical solutions to build agricultural resilience, promote local food production, and reduce Nigeria’s reliance on imports. It recommends targeted investments in rural infrastructure, enhanced conflict resolution, financial support for farmers, and consistent, transparent policy implementation as essential strategies to ensure sustainable food security and economic stability.
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    INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND NIGERIA-UK RELATIONS: A STUDY OF POST-BREXIT PERIOD
    (Covenant University Ota, 2025-08) HAMBOLU, Favour Oluwatosin; Covenant University Dissertation
    International migration has become an increasingly prominent feature of Nigeria-UK relations, rooted in colonial history and shaped by contemporary global developments. A key turning point in this relationship was the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union (Brexit), which led to major changes in the country’s immigration system. These reforms have redefined the pathways for migrants from countries like Nigeria. This study therefore, examines how post-Brexit immigration policies have influenced migration trends and experiences among Nigerian migrants in the UK, the socioeconomic implications of these migration patterns on Nigeria, and the diplomatic engagements between both countries. The study also explores the role of Nigerian migrant networks in facilitating integration and mitigating policy-induced challenges. The study is anchored on the Push-Pull Theory, which explains how unfavourable conditions in Nigeria and better prospects in the UK drive migration and Transnationalism Theory, which emphasises how migrants sustain connections across borders and impact both their countries of origin and host. The study employed a case study research design. Data were obtained from both primary (semi-structured interviews) and secondary sources (official documents, reports, and scholarly literature). Thematic analysis, aided by NVivo software, was used to organise and interpret the data. The findings revealed that post-Brexit immigration reforms have created a mixed landscape of opportunities and challenges for Nigerian migrants. Policies like the Graduate Route visa have expanded post-study work opportunities, while stricter visa rules, work permit limitations, increased border control, and points-based systems have imposed legal, financial, and emotional burdens on Nigerian migrants. These policies have intensified brain drain in Nigeria, particularly in sectors such as healthcare and education, while reinforcing economic interdependence through remittances. The study also finds out that migration is increasingly instrumental in shaping Nigeria–UK diplomatic relations, as evidenced by frameworks like the Migration Partnership Agreement and bilateral migration summits. Nigerian migrant networks were identified as essential support structures, providing legal assistance, emotional support, and policy advocacy that enhance migrant resilience and integration. The study recommends that the Nigerian government should invest in critical sectors to curb push factors, negotiate migration agreements favouring mutual development, and engage diaspora communities more effectively for skills transfer. The UK should adopt more inclusive and development-sensitive migration frameworks. By addressing both domestic and international dimensions of migration, Nigeria and the UK can establish a more balanced and mutually beneficial migration relationship. The study concludes that migration is no longer a peripheral issue but a central factor shaping diplomacy, development, and identity in the post-Brexit era.
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    INFLUENCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE INFORMATION SYSTEM (HRIS) IN ENHANCING EMPLOYEE EXPERIENCE IN UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA (UBA)
    (Covenant University Ota, 2025-07) YAHAYA-JOE, Christine Mairo; Covenant University Dissertation
    The current development of new technologies in the Nigerian Banking industry, the Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) have become one of the key instruments in the improvement of the work of the human resource department. Although the use of HRIS is getting more popular, the gap in knowledge regarding the impact of its functionalities concerning employee experience. This study examines how HRIS affect the experience of the employees in United Bank for Africa (UBA). In order to determine the extent of the impacts of these HRIS functionalities on critical employee-level experience dimensions, the study aims at offering evidence-based findings that will help make HR strategic decisions in the banking sector. The research design is quantitative survey research where descriptive research design is used. The structured questionnaires were used to collect the data among UBA employees in various departments in Abuja, Nigeria. The results indicate that the HRIS functions have important implications on the employee experiences, it showed that employees perceive HRIS as a tool that not only simplifies administrative task but also fosters transparency, communication and trust within the organisation. This study suggests that financial institutions such as UBA need to be more employee-focused in implementing HRIS, improve system user training and embrace HR analytics when it comes to further improvement. Such measures are capable of enhancing employee participation and retention as well as organisational performance.
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    Youth Restiveness and Sustainable Rural Development in Ukanafun L.G.A-Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, 2015 – 2020.
    (University of Nigeria Journal of Political Economy Volume 13, Number 2, 2023) Ezebuilo Paul Chibuike
    The youths in every community are strong force to reckon with towards achieving meaningful rural development, if only when their strengths are been controlled, harnessed and properly utilized. Therefore, this paper assesses the effects of Youth Restiveness on Sustainable Rural Development in Akwa Ibom State, with a focus on Ukanafun L.G.A. Social Strain and Frustration theory was adopted as the theoretical framework of analysis. This paper adopted descriptive survey research design. Primary and secondary sources of data collection were employed. This paper targeted the entire population of Ukanafun L.G.A. thus; purposive random sampling technique was applied while, 300 respondents were targeted as the sample size while 260 returned questionnaires were used for the data analysis. The data collected were presented on Logical Data Framework (LDF) and analyzed using quantitative method of statistical analysis of frequency table, mean and chi-square parametric test. The paper finds out that; bad governance/leadership, unemployment, poverty/hunger, peer group pressure/influence, marginalization etc. are the major causes of youth restiveness thus, leading to the serious escalation of various social vices such as kidnapping, cultism, armed robbery, killing/assassination, dehumanization, issuing of life threatening letters; sexual harassment/rape; destruction/burning of private/public properties etc. in Ukanafun L.G.A., Akwa Ibom state. The paper recommended that; there is need for job creation, skill acquisition centers and youth empowerment programme; inclusion of positive peace education and building in education curriculum, making policy for youth enlightenment, counseling; granting of amnesty etc.
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    Causes and Implications of Religious Conflicts in Nigeria’s Political System
    (International Journal of Finance and Management in Practice, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2017-06) Uwadi, M. E.; Ezebuilo Paul Chibuike; Nwaonu, K. C
    The aim of this work is to identify the causes and implications of religious conflicts in Nigeria’s political system as well as proffer strategies to avoid future occurrence. This study adopts the survey research design. The population of the study comprises all Christians and Moslems living in Zaria, Kaduna State in Nigeria. Personal observations and questionnaire were the major means of data collection. Out of the 65 copies of questionnaire engaged in the study, only 56 copies were retrieved and used for the analysis. To achieve the aim of the study, two research hypotheses were formulated. While data collected for the study were presented on tables and responses taking the form of a five point likert scale, the hypotheses were tested using one way analysis of variance. Major findings of the study reveal that the causes of religious conflicts in Nigeria include failure to move with change, conflicting doctrines, methods of conversion, utterances of religious leaders, and clothing of political objectives with religion, among others. The implications of religious conflict as reveal by the study include creation of mistrust among federating units, low productivity, job insecurity, migration, over population. Based on the foregoing, it is proposed that the issue of religious conflicting doctrines should be addressed by religious bodies who should meet on regular bases. Also, government should respond quickly to curtail conflicts and should not ignore any act that might cause conflict
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    Effect of Inflation Rates on The Financial Performance and Sustainability of Public Healthcare Companies in Nigeria
    (Journal of Policy and Development Studies Vol. 18 Issue 2, 2025-03-30) Ofuonye, Joseph Ndubuisi; Emeka-Nwokeji N. A.; Ezebuilo Paul Chibuike
    This study investigates how inflation affects public healthcare companies’ financial performance and sustainability in Nigeria and suggests measures to make them more resilient in an inflationary climate. A quantitative research design was adopted. Data for the corporate performance were extracted from the annual accounts of the sampled firms. In contrast, the data for independent variables were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigerian Statistical Bulletin from 2012 to 2022. The Cost-push inflation theory was adopted. The Pearson Moment of correlation and regression analysis coefficient was employed to test the hypotheses. The result revealed specifically that the inflation rate has an adverse insignificant effect on financial performance. In contrast, the exchange rate and money supply have negative and positive statistical significance on healthcare firms' economic performance in Nigeria. However, the overall result showed that macroeconomics significantly affects the financial performance of public healthcare firms in Nigeria, indicating that inflation rate conditions substantially decrease and increase the effect on the performance of firms in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study concluded that the inflation rate was not significant and therefore recommended that the government ensure that inflation has a pleasing effect on the public healthcare organisation’s operations and outcomes, as preventing inflation positively affects individuals, agencies and the country’s financial system. The findings of this study will enlighten policymakers, healthcare providers, and stakeholders about the sector’s specific issues and offer evidence-based recommendations to alleviate the detrimental impacts of inflation.
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    Pervasive Violence in Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa, Impediments to Peace-Building and Socioeconomic Development
    (Covenant University Journal of Politics & International Affairs, Vol. 13 No. 1, 2025-09) Chukwudi Ekene Celestina; Olawunmi, Kunle; Ezebuilo 3Paul Chibuike
    This study explores the pervasive violence and its impact on peacebuilding and economic development. A qualitative method of data collection is adopted. Content and descriptive analysis are used to analyse the data collected. Conflict theory was chosen for the underpinnings of the study. Findings have shown that attempts to tackle these issues encounter notable obstacles such as corruption such as where Nigerian elites are alleged to be behind most violent activities for selfish interests, lack of political will, and weak institutional capacities such as the failure of the judiciary to stand firm as the hope of the people by ensuring justice and openly undermining the rule of law. Complex power dynamics, mistrust among parties, and entrenched interests benefiting from instability frequently make peacebuilding projects difficult to implement. Conclusively, the challenges that emanate from pervasive violence in Sub-Saharan Africa highlight the pressing necessity for all-encompassing approaches that give peacebuilding equal weight with socioeconomic advancement. All stakeholders should promote efforts toward grassroots, national and international peacebuilding. Rules on violence must be clear, and sanctions should be applied to defaulters. The findings of this study will provide valuable insights for policymakers in making policies that will enhance unity, peacebuilding efforts and promotion of socio-economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa
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    Independent National Electoral Commission and Administration of the 2021 Gubernatorial Election in Anambra State, Nigeria
    (Journal of Policy and Development Studies (JPDS) Vol. 18 Issue 1, 2025-03-10) Odogwu Mmaduka Obinna; Obiora Charles Arinze; Ezebuilo Paul Chibuike
    This study evaluates INEC's involvement in Anambra State's 2021 gubernatorial election administration. Liberal Democratic Theory was suitably embraced and used to provide in-depth knowledge of the research. The study utilised descriptive survey research design. The study population was centered in Anambra state. Thus, Slovin’s sample size determination was used to obtain 400 respondents. A proportional stratified random sampling technique was used. Primary data collections were based on a structured questionnaire and interview using a 5-point Likert scale. In contrast, the secondary method was based on textbooks, journals, newspapers, INEC reports, and online materials. Logical Data Framework (LDF) was employed to analyse the variables and indicators. All the data collected were presented in frequency distribution table and was analysed quantitatively using simple percentage, weighted Mean (X) and Chi-square (X²) test analysis. The study revealed that institutional weakness, insecurity, and poor logistics, among others, were the factors that affected and challenged INEC’s performance in administering the 2021 gubernatorial election in Anambra State. The INEC administration of the 2021 gubernatorial election in Anambra State was not satisfactory, as the institution still fell short of delivering a controversy-free and fair election in the state as a result of not taking care and control of their institutional deficiencies that keep reoccurring in every election. Based on the findings, this study recommends that there is a need for restructuring INEC as an electoral institution; the institution should always ensure the provision of adequate logistics and security during elections, among other measures, to improve their performance in the future election administration in Nigeria