Characterization and performance of nanofiltration membranes
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The availability of clean water has become a
critical problems facing the society due to pollution by
human activities. Most regions in the world have high
demands for clean water. Supplies for freshwater are under
pressure. Water reuse is a potential solution for clean water
scarcity. A pressure-driven membrane process such as
nanofiltration has become the main component of advanced
water reuse and desalination systems. High rejection and
water permeability of solutes are the major characteristics
that make nanofiltration membranes economically feasible
for water purification. Recent advances include the prediction
of membrane performances under different operating
conditions. Here, we review the characterization of
nanofiltration membranes by methods such as scanning
electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, attenuated
total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
and atomic force microscopy. Advances show that
the solute rejection and permeation performance of nanofiltration
membranes are controlled by the composition of
the casting solution of the active layer, cross-linking agent
concentration, preparation method, and operating conditions.
The solute rejection depends strongly on the solute
type, which includes charge valency, diffusion coefficient,
and hydration energy. We also review the analysis of the
surface roughness, the nodule size, and the pore size of nanofiltration membranes. We also present a new concept
for membrane characterization by quantitative analysis of
phase images to elucidate the macro-molecular packing at
the membrane surface.
Keywords
T Technology (General), TP Chemical technology